2. PATTERNS AND FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP GAURAV MOGHE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA

3. SOME FACTS ABOUT SLEEP  Sleep has been regarded “sacred” in many cultures.  Most higher organisms show sleep or sleep- like behavior.  In humans, sleep deprivation causes many health and behavior related problems.

4. QUESTIONS  How to “define” sleep?  Do all organisms sleep?  How does our own sleep pattern develop after birth?  Why do we spend 1/3 rd of our lives sleeping? What is the “function” of sleep?

5. THE DEFINITION OF SLEEP

6. STAGES OF SLEEP  Sleep has been traditionally judged by behavioral criteria: 1. Minimal movement 2. A typical sleep posture 3. Reduced responsiveness to ext. stimuli  The event of sleep has been physiologically classified into 2 types REMNREM

9. Polysomnographic record of REM sleep. Red Box:EEG

10. Distribution of some key sleep regulating neuronal populations plotted on the saggital section of the rat brain Nature, Oct 2005

11. THE PHYLOGENY OF SLEEP

12. SLEEP PERIODS IN MAMMALS MammalsDaily sleep period (in hours) Laboratory Rat13 Cat12.5 Humans8.0 Baboons9.4 Lions13.5 Elephants3.1 Giraffes1.9 Birds30 min

13. Nature, Oct 2005

14. AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES AND BIRDS  Amphibians and Reptiles have a primitive nervous system that does not generate the same electrophysiological patterns as higher brains of mammals and birds.  29 bird species have been shown to “sleep” with one of the two eyes closed.  It is suspected that some birds sleep aloft during transoceanic flights

15. SLEEP IN CETACEANS EEG of adult belugaEEG Of Beluga vs Rat Nature, Oct 2005

16. SLEEP IN INSECTS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES  Correlates of sleep have been demonstrated in 1. Drosophila (Molecular markers) Science, March 2000 2. Crayfish (Slow wave activity) PNAS, Aug 2004 3. Cockroaches, wasps

17. WHAT DOES ALL THIS TELL US?  All higher animals HAVE TO sleep.  The pattern of sleep may vary according to the ecological niche of the organism  The NEED for Sleep may have some physiological correlate.

18. PATTERNS OF HUMAN SLEEP

19. INFANCY TO OLD AGE Sleep events tend to be fragmented in infancy and in old age A normal sleep pattern exists for most period of our lives. How this sleep pattern develops is an interesting aspect to study.

20. Shows 4388 points of data collected over 616 days for Beatrix Valentina MacNeill

21. ADOLESCENT SLEEP PATTERNS Current Biology, 2004

22. Comparison of sleep cycles in young and elderly NEJM, 1974

23. DISORDERS DUE TO SLEEP RELATED PROBLEMS Sleep Apnea Restless Leg Syndrome Insomnia Arousal Disorders Sleep-Wake transition disorders REM Sleep associated parasomnias

25. THEORIES OF FUNCTION The theories that have been proposed are: 1)Wear and Tear of the body 2)Memory Consolidation 3)Ecological niche theory

26. WEAR AND TEAR HYPOTHESIS Baseline sleepDeprivation Sleep after deprivation JPN, 1991 GH LEVELS

27. MEMORY CONSOLIDATION THEORY Sensory memories are consolidated during REM or Deep Sleep. Sleep Deprivation led to poor performance in specific tasks, in 3 studies, and improved after a period of sleep: 1) Visual texture discrimination task 2) Motor sequence learning task 3) Motor adaptation learning task The improvements showed strong correlations to specific stages of sleep and specific regions in the brain

28. Visual Texture discrimination Motor adaptation learning

29. SOME OTHER SUPPORTS  Zebrafinch  Rats  Sheep  Fetal and Neonate psychology

30. ECOLOGICAL NICHE THEORY Predator-Prey relationships affect the patterns of sleep Evidences proposed include: 1) Newborns sleep more than adults 2) This pattern is reversed in aquatic mammals 3) Distinct correlation between predator-prey status and sleep periods But is this logic sufficient to explain why humans spend 1/3 rd of their lives sleeping?

31. Nature, Oct 2005

32. FUTURE DIRECTIONS  Are sleep-like states present in lower organisms, esp those that don’t have a “nervous system”?  What are the cytological and molecular aspects of memory consolidation?  How can the harmful effects of sleep deprivation be prevented?

33. THANK YOU…