1. The Potential of a Vehicle-to-Grid System Zak Michiels
V2G Technology
The Potential of a Vehicle-to-Grid System
Zak Michiels

2. Presentation Overview
V2G Overview
V2G Motivation
Important Terms
University of Delaware Study
Current Limitations
Questions

3. What is V2G V2G stands for Vehicle-to-Grid
A system where EVs sell back energy from their batteries to the grid
Can be fully electric vehicles or hybrids or any other vehicle with a battery

4. Theoretical Set Up

5. V2G Motivation Industry predicts EV to be the future
Potential domestic energy security
Vehicles parked ~23 hours of the day
Potential solutions to grid problems
Regulation
Spinning reserve
Variability in intermittent sources
Peak loading

6. Regulation System Operators changing the amount of energy generation
Generation must match load or frequency will drop (excess load) or increase (excess generation)
Occurs on a minute by minute basis
Must have responsive generation
Currently costs $30 – 45/MW-hour

7. Spinning Reserve Available generation capacity
Used if a generator fails
Used only a couple times a month
Must respond in 10 minutes
Currently costs $10 – 15/MW-hour

8. Intermittent Resources
Energy resources occurring on an irregular schedule
Wind
Solar
Wave Power
Availability doesn’t follow load
Currently no great way to store energy

9. Peak Loading
The peak load is the max amount of power demanded from grid
System is built to match peak loads
Generally occurs in the afternoon
Yearly peak occurs in summer

11. University of Delaware
Kempton et al
Feasibility study for V2G
Began in 2003
Successfully connected EV Oct 2007
Tested ability of EV to meet typical demands of a V2G system
EV with 35 kWh battery
120 to 150 miles per charge

18. Financial Study Plugged in 80% of the time
$10/MW-hr SR and $40/MW-hr Reg
Gross revenue (not net)

19. Experiment Summary The technology works Effective in grid regulation
Need more EVs for this to be a valid option
There is a potential financial market incentive
Would still need to maintain a level of backup generation

20. Current Limitations EVs are significantly more expensive
Battery Technology (Li-ion)
Immature technology = Expensive
Excessive battery cycling
Temperature sensitive
Transformer sizing
Drivers to sacrifice a level of independence

21. Questions
Do you think the grid regulation is worth the extra battery strain? Will you have an electric vehicle in 10 years? 20 years? Ever? Should this be considered a green technology? Energy independence?

22. More Info http://www.udel.edu/V2G/resources/test-v2g-in-pjm-jan09.pdf