1. Supercapacitors for EV and Grid-Scale Energy Storage Silverberg 8 Oct 2015

2. Outline Context – Why do we need energy storage? – What is a supercapacitor? – What can supercapacitors do for us? Research: Graphene supercapacitors Industry: Sunvault, Maxwell, Volvo

3. Functions for Energy Storage Portable electronics (5-100 Wh, <50 cm 3 ) Transport (50 – 100 kWh, 500 kg)  main, regenerative, start/stop Grid-scale (MWh, cost)  meeting peak load, smoothing renewable

4. Grid-Scale Energy Storage DoE, 2013

5. Key Metrics for Comparison *Cycle life

6. Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Li-ion battery

7. Zhang et al. 2015 Key Metrics for Comparison *Energy density

8. Capacitor

9. Supercapacitor Energy density increase to ~5-10 Wh/kg

10. Battery vs. Capacitors Li-ion BatteryCapacitorSupercapacitor Charge Time 600 s0.001 s10 s Cycle Life 1000500,000 Specific Energy 150 Wh/kg0.01 Wh/kg5 Wh/kg Specific Power 1 kW/kg10 kW/kg Energy Cost $1/Wh$5000/Wh$20/Wh

11. Solar Power Smoothing

12. UCSD microgrid provides 90% of campus power 22 kW CPV with 2.5 kWh supercap Scale of problem is TBD

13. Regenerative Braking ARTEMIS by INRETS

14. Regenerative Braking

15. Philadelphia SEPTA subway 10-30% reduction in grid-use Also acts as grid storage

16. Future Application: EV/Small Grid-Scale Storage Li-ion BatteryCapacitorSupercapacitor Charge Time 600 s0.001 s10 s Cycle Life 1000500,000 Specific Energy 150 Wh/kg0.01 Wh/kg5 Wh/kg Specific Power 1 kW/kg10 kW/kg Energy Cost $1/Wh$5000/Wh$20/Wh

17. Graphene Specific Capacitance  Specific Energy

18. Theoretical single layer graphene: over 100 Wh/kg Zhang et al. 2015 Graphene, theory Graphene, expt Energy Density is the key

19. Graphene supercapacitors >100 Wh/kg

20. Graphene supercapacitors @ UCLA https://vimeo.com/51873011

21. Graphene supercapacitors @ UCLA

22. http://www.sunvaultenergy. com/web20/video-updates/ SunVault “The company has had 4 different names since 2010 and 2 different business lines. There is little technical detail in the company's press releases and website to support its claims. The majority of the company's stock is held by third parties with little information available on them.” – Seeking Alpha “A company no one has ever heard of is using technology no one has ever heard of to make a car with 1,000 lb-ft of torque that will blow the doors off any Tesla, Ferrari or McLaren every made. And it will be ready in 6 months.” –Ecomento “Sunvault Energy Inc (OTCMKTS:SVLT) Stock Surges For No Apparent Reason” - HotStocked

23. Volvo Energy Panels, 2013

24. Maxwell & GM Partnership, Sep 2015 Start-stop technology

25. Outlook Continued use for high power, low energy applications – Regen braking – Start/stop – High-frequency smoothing With further energy density improvements – EV power – Larger grid-scale applications

26. Supp: Parameters for Supercap Optimization