1. --Paradox: Most likely encountered, but least well understood, part of US government

2.  1.) Movie script analogy  2.) Going beyond ‘mere’implementation to regulating and rulemaking The Federal Register  (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov)http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov  3.) Why Congress willingly delegates rulemaking/regulatory power to the bureaucracy --a.) lack of technical expertise --b.) avoid “conflict of interest”—promote ethics --c.) avoiding political responsibility --d.) need to adapt to rapidly changing conditions  --e.) lack of legislative consensus

3.  1.) CABINET AGENCIES (e.g. State, Defense, Treasury, Justice, HUD, Transportation, etc.)  2.) INDEPENDENT AGENCIES (e.g. CIA, EPA, SBA, NASA)  3.) INDEPENDENT REGULATORY COMMISSSIONS (e.g. Federal Reserve Board, FDIC, FAA, Securities & Exchange Commission, FCC, FTC, NLRB)  --why created, how different from #1 & #2 (structure, political insulation, mandate) 4.) GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS (e.g. US Postal Service, Amtrak, TVA, Sallie Mae)

4. 1.) Career civil service began to replace “spoils” system in the late 1800s 2.) “Standard operating procedures” and strong “sense of organizational mission” among bureaucrats: resistant to change and control 3.) Red tape----much of it exists for “good” reasons, but it can get sticky 4.) Some agencies develop strong allies among public and interest groups 5.) Employees know more than their bosses 6.) Federalism and separation of powers makes things complicated 7.) More and more ‘contracting out’ to private firms

5.  1.) President’s appointment (and firing) power  2.) Presidential executive orders  3.) Congress creates and structures agencies (authorization bills)  4.) Congress funds agencies (annual appropriations bills)  5.) Congressional oversight hearings 6.) Casework and feedback from the public  7.) Media and congressional investigations

6.  1.) Deregulation movement of the 1970s- 1990s  2.) E-Government  3.) Contracting out/privatization  4.) Clinton/Gore’s “Reinventing Government”  5.) George W. Bush’s Presidential Management Agenda – scorecards  http://georgewbush- whitehouse.archives.gov/results/agenda/index.html http://georgewbush- whitehouse.archives.gov/results/agenda/index.html