1. BA 1-16  Create a list of 5 people that you would consider a leader today. These people can be leaders in politics, religion, athletics, or in your life.  What types of characteristics do these people display that make them leaders?

2. BA 1/16  Which Chinese Dynasty's leader crowned himself first emperor and built the Great Wall of China

3. Characteristics of Alexander the Great  Determined to seek action and glory rather than pleasure and riches  Ruled with the people and not over them --- adoption of customs of each conquered nation  Faced every opponent --- brave, courageous  Well-educated --- Aristotle  Defeat opponents militarily, such as defeating an opposing army, but win over the people of conquered territories politically  Great orator --- great speeches, great at building morale

4. Legacy of Alexander the Great Chapter 5

5. 4 Areas of Focus  Invasion of Persia  Demise  Implication of Rule  Creation of Hellenistic Era

6. King Philip II and Macedonia  Macedonians soundly defeat Greeks Results:  Ends Greek independence  City-states that governed local affairs under Macedonian control  Philip never able to attack Persia  Stabbed to death at his daughter’s wedding  Led to the rise of Alexander the Great  (video)video

7. Alexander the Great  King Philip’s son  Became king at 20 years old after father’s death  One of the most successful military commanders in history  Undefeated in battle  Student of Aristotle  Trained in science, geography, and literature  Well prepared to lead  Inspired by Achilles’ heroic deeds in the Iliad  Kept a copy of epic poem under his pillow  Iliad given to him by Aristotle

8. Macedonian Army  Perfected phalanx formation and use of cavalry  Phalanxes: 16 men across and 16 men deep  Armed with 18 foot pike  After successful invasions in north, Philip planned to invade Greece

10. Thebes Rebellion  Thebes: Greek city-state under Macedonian control  After Philip’s death, Thebes tried to rebel from new king  Alexander quickly responds by destroying Thebes  Killed 6,000 Thebans  Rest were sold into slavery  Convinced other Greek city-states not to rebel

11. Invasion of Persia  After the Thebes rebellion is crushed, Alexander the Great devotes his time to expanding his empire  Alexander continues with father’s (Philip II) plan to conquer Persia  Fought 3 major battles against Persia  (video)video

13. 3 Major Conquests 1.Battle of Granicus  334 BCE  Alexander brings 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia  Anatolia: modern-day Turkey  Alexander attacks first  Defeats 40,000 Persians  Uses archers, javelin throwers, cavalry, and foot soldiers

14. Battle of Granicus continued  Defeat angers Persian king Darius III  Darius vows revenge to crush the enemy  Darius III raises 50,000-75,000 troops to face the Macedonians  Meet in Battle of Issus  (video)video

15. 2. Battle of Issus  Alexander greatly outnumbered  40,000 vs. 75,000 troops  Alexander’s army charge weakest point of Persian army  Break through and rush at Darius III  Darius III flees  Leaves wife, mother, children behind  Alexander treats them with respect  Victory gives Alexander control of Anatolia (Turkey)

16. 2. Battle of Issus continued  Darius tries to negotiate peace agreement  Wants to get family back  Offers Alexander all lands west of Euphrates River to avoid attack  Alexander rejects offer  Wants to conquer entire Persian Empire  Saw that he could win  Needed treasure to pay his troops

17. Egypt  Alexander arrives in Egypt in 332 BCE  Egypt under Persian control  Liberates Egyptians  Crown Alexander pharaoh (god-king)  Founded city of Alexandria

18. 3. Battle of Gaugamela  Final battle with Darius III  Alexander conquers lands between the Tigris & Euphrates River  Finds Darius III at Gaugamela  Gaugamela: area in present-day Iraq  Darius III has an army of 250,000 troops  (video)video

19. Battle of Gaugamela continued  Persians no match for Alexander  Darius flees again  Later Darius murdered  Killed by one of his governors (Bessus)  Disappoints Alexander because he finds Darius III dead in a wagon cart  Alexander gives him royal burial in Persian royal tombs  Alexander marries Darius’ daughter and eventually captures, tortures, and executes Bessus

20. Alexander in India  326 BCE: Alexander reaches Indus Valley (India)  Defeats Indian army at Punjab  Indians roll rocks down hills and use elephants to fight  Alexander urges army to carry on but:  Morale was low  Fought for 11 years & marched over 11,000 miles  Alexander severely wounded  Difficult campaigns due to the terrain

21. India continued  Alexander agreed to turn back for Macedonia  Never made it  323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies one month before turning 33  Believed to die of malaria or West Nile Virus  On his deathbed, Alexander does not offer an heir to throne  When asked by an adviser he says “give it to the strongest”

22. Alexander’s Legacy Cultural Legacy:  Spread of Hellenistic (Greek) culture  Blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian  Hellenistic- of or relating to Greek history, culture, or art after Alexander the Great  Conquered lands adopted Greek language  Common language allowed people to communicate  Helped spread ideas and trade

23. Legacy continued  Alexandria became an international community  Major trading harbor with diverse customs and traditions  World’s first research library  Discovered the earth revolved around the sun  Euclid invented geometry  Archimedes estimated the value of pi  Measure circumference and area of a circle  Changes in Philosophy and sculpture

24. Cultural Legacy continued  Persian men join army  Encouraged troops to marry Persian women  Alexander had 2 Persian wives  Helped to spread culture

25. Legacy continued Military & Political Legacy:  Extended Greek rule over south and SW Asia  Best exemplified military monarchy  Military monarchy: military led and controlled by king  Military generals still study Alexander’s tactics today

26. EA 1. Who was Alexander the Great’s father? 2. Which empire does Alexander have 3 major battles with? Who is this empire’s king? 3. Where is Anatolia?