1. SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

2. Railroads

3. Railroads
Railroads increased the amount of steel being used in two ways- 1. The railroads used steel for their rails. 2. Railroads made it much easier to transport large quantities of the natural resources needed to produce steel (iron, coal), which increased the demand for those products.

4. Railroads
Railroads also reshaped the steel industry (and many others) by developing vertical integration.
Railroad owners bought iron mills, coal mines, and factories which produced railroad cars.
Railroads helped to spur the “Gilded Age”.

5. Railroads
In 1862 Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act which helped create the transcontinental railroad.
The railroad connected the east coast to the west coast, opening up settlement in the west.
Much of the western portions of the railroad were built by Chinese laborers, specifically brought to the US to work.

6. Transcontinental railroad
Transcontinental railroad helped spur growth by: -increasing the number of markets (places to sell products). -requiring enormous amount raw and finished materials to build and supply the railroad. -providing land for settlement.

7. John D. Rockefeller Founded Standard Oil Company in 1870.
To remove competition, Standard Oil bought up oil refineries, so that by 1880 they owned 90% of the refineries in the US, forming a monopoly.
To avoid violating state laws, Standard Oil formed a trust, a way of merging and controlling other companies.

8. John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil was a monopoly controlling all aspects of the oil industry.
Standard Oil was broken up by the government in 1911 for being a monopoly.
Rockefeller was also a philanthropist.

9. Thomas Edison
Invented the phonograph, light bulb, and the motion picture all in the late 1800s.
Created a research lab to develop and perfect his inventions.
Electricity eliminated much need for manual labor.
How would these inventions have an impact on society?

10. Questions
How did the railroads help big business and the steel industry grow?
Why were railroads important in the settling of the west?
How was John Rockefeller able to control the oil industry?
What were the results on American life that many of Thomas Edison’s inventions had?

11. SSUSH12: The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

12. Ellis Island (NY) was the entry point for many European immigrants.
a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.
Ellis Island (NY) was the entry point for many European immigrants.
Immigrants had to pass medical, mental, and legal exams.

13. European Immigration
Up until the 1880s most European immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, England, Germany). Many of these “looked” like Americans, and had similar religious and cultural backgrounds.
Beginning in the late 1880s, a change began to occur in the origin of immigrants. These “new” immigrants began arriving from eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia).

14. The “New” Immigrants
Many of these new immigrants didn’t speak English, came from non democratic governments, had differing religions, and didn’t “look” American.

15. The “New” Immigrants
These new immigrants often settled together in east coast cities (Little Italy), and worked in low paying factory jobs
Cities became much more crowded.
This new wave of
immigrants caused the
emergence of nativism:
an extreme dislike of
immigrants.
Why would these new
immigrants want to settle
together in cities?

16. d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest.
In 1894 the American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs, led a strike against the Pullman Company (IL) who manufactured railroad cars.
President Cleveland sent in U.S. troops and ordered the strike to end.
The ARU collapsed as a Union as a result of government intervention.

17. b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.
Samuel Gompers was the first leader of the AFL (A labor union): which promoted 8 hour work days: stayed out of politics and rejected communist ideas.
The AFL is still in existence today (AFL-CIO).

18. c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
Americans moved westward in the 1860s to become ranchers, miners, and farmers.
The settlers began to encroach on Native American hunting grounds and broke numerous treaties.
How would fences
that were constructed
by farmers and ranchers
affect Native Americans?

19. Wounded Knee
By the late 1880s most western Indian tribes had been moved onto reservations.
Sitting Bull, a Sioux Chief, who helped defeat Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn, had moved onto a reservation and began performing the “Ghost Dance” which his followers believed would bring back the buffalo, and make the settlers disappear.
Sitting Bull is ordered to stop, but refuses and is killed while being arrested.

20. Wounded Knee
Many of Sitting Bulls followers fled the reservation after his death and camped at Wounded Knee Creek with other Sioux
The U.S Calvary, which was sent to escort the Sioux back to the reservation, attempted to disarm them and a fight broke out

21. Wounded Knee
In the massacre that followed, nearly 200 Sioux men, women and children were killed.
Many of the injured froze to death.
Wounded Knee led many to question the treatment of Native Americans, and was the last major resistance by Native Americans.

22. Questions
Explain the differences between the early immigrants and the newer immigrants.
What was the government’s role in the Pullman Strike?
Why did many Americans begin to move west in the mid to late 1800s? What form of transportation helped speed up the settling of the west?
How did Wounded Knee signal the end of Native American resistance in the west?

23. Unit 7
Recap

24. Industrial Growth Railroads and the West
Played a major role in this industrial growth and expansion west
Farmers, ranchers had easier access to eastern markets
Union Pacific (eastern company) and Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA company) built the transcontinental railroad
The two companies joined their tracks at Promontory, Utah in 1869
Large numbers of Irish and Chinese immigrants helped build the railroad – very dangerous, many died or were injured
Industrial Growth

26. Industrial Growth Railroads and Big Business
Railroads contributed to rise of the steel industry and big business
Henry Bessemer developed a method for making steel known as the Bessemer process
Steel could be made cheaper, became more affordable – leading to faster expansion of railroads and constructions
Buildings became taller (skyscrapers)
Industrial Growth

27. Industrial Growth Giants of Big Business
A few men got rich developing the railroad industry – known as “robber barons”
Crooked in their dealings
Cornelius Vanderbilt: extended his New York Central railroad to reach Chicago in 1869
Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry
Sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $500 million – Carnegie became the richest man in the world
Industrial Growth

28. Industrial Growth Giants of Big Business Continued…
John D. Rockefeller established the nation’s first trust, Standard Oil (a trust is a business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system)
Trusts destroy competition by creating monopolies (only one supplier of a product)
Used vertical integration – one corporation
owns the company that produced the finished
product and that provides the necessary materials
Industrial Growth

29. Industrial Growth Thomas Edison Most impactful inventor
Phonograph recorded sound
Motion picture camera eventually made movies possible
most remembered for the Electric light bulb
Transformed people’s lives; could work at night in factories, homes, offices
Came up with the idea for central power companies
Industrial Growth

30. Western Growth Reasons for Moving West
Religious faith – Christian missionaries attempted to spread their message to Native Americans
Mormons moved west to escape persecution
Gold motivated others (California Gold Rush of 1849)
Became the leading reason for conflict between white settlers and Native Americans
Available land also drew people west
Western Growth

31. California Gold Rush

32. Western Growth Farming, Ranching, and Mining
Settlers had to live in sod houses
John Deere’s steel plow allowed farmers to plant crops in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut through the tough prairie sod
Windmills allowed farmers to harness the wind’s power to pump water to the surface
Railroads allowed farmers to import needed equipment from the East and shipping products
Western Growth

33. Western Growth Farming, Ranching, and Mining Continued…
Cattle ranching techniques were learned from the Mexicans – also taught settlers how to herd, raise, and drive cattle to market
Imitated Mexican dress (cowboy hats, chaps)
“Cowtowns” popped up as settlements where ranchers could be herded onto trains and shipped east to market
Mining industry became important because of the discovery of gold
Mining camps/towns famous for gambling, prostitution, drinking
Corporations eventually dominated industry
Western Growth

34. Western Growth Women, Immigrants, and African Americans out West
Women experienced greater freedom; took on nontraditional roles
Chinese and Irish immigrants came to work on the railroad
African Americans moved west after the Civil War (Black Exodus)
Served as cowhands and soldiers (Buffalo Soldiers)
Western Growth

35. Buffalo Soldiers

36. Impact on Native Americans
Buffalo and Reservations
Plains Indians depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter
Settlers and fur trappers killed great numbers of buffalo
By 1889, 1,000 buffalo were left on the continent
Native Americans were forced onto reservations (land set aside by the government)
Constantly moved whenever gold was discovered
Impact on Native Americans

38. Impact on Native Americans
Violent Confrontations
Sometimes Native Americans resisted white settlement
Cheyenne warriors launched several raids on mining camps in 1861
US forces killed 270 Native American women and children
Sioux Indians, under chiefs Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, and US general George Custer engaged in the Battle of Little Bighorn
Sioux killed Custer and 200 of his men (“Custer’s last stand) – last great victory for Native Americans
Impact on Native Americans

41. Impact on Native Americans
Violent Confrontations Continued…
Nez Perce tribe killed several white settlers when the US government attempted to remove them from the Oregon Territory
Chief Joseph attempted to escape with his tribe to Canada but was stopped 30 miles from the border
Forced to settle on reservations in Oklahoma
Many died from sickness and malnutrition
Impact on Native Americans

42. Impact on Native Americans
Wounded Knee
the last notable armed conflict between US troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee
Sioux believed the Ghost Dance would bring back the buffalo, get back lost land, and banish the white man from earth
Sioux leader Sitting Bull was accused of mounting an uprising
Soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull and killed him in a gunfight
During a pursuit of the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek 150 Native Americans were killed (most unarmed)
Impact on Native Americans

43. Urban Growth and Immigration
Urban Growth (Growth of US Cities)
When cities increase in size it is called urban growth
Out west, new towns grew out of nothing because of railroads and western settlements
In the East, population increased due to industrialization and job opportunities
New York City saw the biggest growth
Urban Growth and Immigration

44. Urban Growth and Immigration
Most immigrants in the East came from Europe
Immigrants on the West coast came China
Some came seeking a better life, others to escape political persecutions
By 1880, 80% of New Yorkers were foreign born
Urban Growth and Immigration

46. Immigration Ellis Island Angel Island
Opened in 1892 to handle large numbers of immigrants
Located on a tiny island near the Statue of Liberty
Cultural pluralism is the presence of many different cultures within one society
Angel Island
Located in San Francisco
Accepted Asian (mostly Chinese immigrants)
Immigration

47. Immigration Problems and Concerns Caused by Immigration
Many Americans looked at immigrants negatively – felt they were taking jobs
Ethnic ghettos – neighborhoods where immigrants from a certain region or country tended to live together (seen as a sign of disloyalty by natives)
Religious differences – most US citizens were Protestants, arriving immigrants were Catholics
Before the Civil War most immigrants came from western Europe – Protestant whites
At the end of 19th century/early 20th century immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe – Catholic, Jewish
Immigration

48. Immigration Nativism and Restriction on Immigration
Nativism – opposing immigration
Grew, anti-immigrant groups formed; immigrants became victims of violence and discrimination
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the US; repealed in 1943
Immigration

49. Living and Working Conditions
Whole families had to work because of low wages
Men, women, children worked in mills and factories – 12 hrs. a day, six days a week
Child labor became a common practice
Children as young as five worked in factories
Work hours were long, wages low, conditions dangerous
Private contractors set up sweatshops (makeshift factories-poorly lit, poorly ventilated, unsafe)
Living and Working Conditions

51. Living and Working Conditions
Living conditions were hard
many migrants and immigrants lived in urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) in housing called tenements (overcrowded apartments that housed several families)
There were open sewers that attracted rats
Air was dark and polluted from steam engines and boilers
Fire hazards
Living and Working Conditions

53. The New Urban Lifestyle and Entertainment
Transportation changed
Electric trolleys followed by subways and trains allowed people to live outside the inner city
Development of suburbs – middle and upper class moved further out
Urban factory workers worked by the clock and had time for leisure and entertainment
Men frequented saloons; women enjoyed dance halls and cabarets; families went to amusement parks and vaudeville shows
Movie industry and spectator sports became popular (boxing, horse racing, baseball)
The New Urban Lifestyle and Entertainment

55. The Rise of Labor Unions
Samuel Gompers and the AFL
Labor unions – organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members
Grew out of poor working conditions
American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the most influential – led by Samuel Gompers
Focused on wages, working hours, working conditions – used strikes, boycotts
Also believed in collective bargaining (negotiate as a group), mediation (use a neutral third party- decisions legally binding), arbitration (mediating third party’s decision is legally binding)
The Rise of Labor Unions

56. The Rise of Labor Unions
Strikes and Confrontations
Employers hated unions and took measures against them
Some threatened to fire workers who were members
Turned to courts to intervene in strikes
Pullman Strike 1894
George Pullman fired employees who protested the laying off of workers, then closed the plant
Eugene V. Debs led a boycott of Pullman cars nationwide
Pres. Cleveland sent in federal troops to end strike because it affected US mail
Set a precedent for factories to involve courts to end strikes
The Rise of Labor Unions