1. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 1 Inheritance and Overloading Lecture 28

2. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 2 Inheritance Objects are often defined in terms of hierarchical classes with a base class and one or more levels of classes that inherit from the classes that are above it in the hierarchy. For instance, graphics objects might be defined as follows:

3. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 3 Inheritance (continued) This hierarchy could, of course, be continued for more levels. Each level inherits the attributes of the above level. Shape is the base class. 2-D and 3-D are derived from Shape and Circle, Square, and Triangle are derived from 2-D. Similarly, Sphere, Cube, and Tetrahedron are derived from 3-D.

4. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 4 Inheritance (continued) class A : base class access specifier B { member access specifier(s):... member data and member function(s);... } Valid access specifiers include public, private, and protected

5. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 5 Public Inheritance public base class (B) public members protected members private members derived class (A) public protected inherited but not accessible class A : public B {// Class A now inherits the members of Class B // with no change in the “access specifier” for }// the inherited members

6. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 6 Protected Inheritance protected base class (B) public members protected members private members derived class (A) protected inherited but not accessible class A : protected B {// Class A now inherits the members of Class B // with public members “promoted” to protected }// but no other changes to the inherited members

7. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 7 Private Inheritance private base class (B) public members protected members private members derived class (A) private inherited but not accessible class A : private B {// Class A now inherits the members of Class B // with public and protected members }// “promoted” to private

8. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 8 Inheritance (continued) class Shape { public: int GetColor ( ) ; protected:// so derived classes can access it int color; }; class Two_D : public Shape { // put members specific to 2D shapes here }; class Three_D : public Shape { // put members specific to 3D shapes here };

9. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 9 Inheritance (continued) class Square : public Two_D { public: float getArea ( ) ; protected: float edge_length; } ; class Cube : public Three_D { public: float getVolume ( ) ; protected: float edge_length; } ;

10. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 10 Inheritance (continued) int main ( ) { Square mySquare; Cube myCube; mySquare.getColor ( ); // Square inherits getColor() mySquare.getArea ( ); myCube.getColor ( ); // Cube inherits getColor() myCube.getVolume ( ); }

11. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 11 Function Overloading C++ supports writing more than one function with the same name but different argument lists. This could include: –different data types –different number of arguments The advantage is that the same apparent function can be called to perform similar but different tasks. The following will show an example of this.

12. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 12 Function Overloading void swap (int *a, int *b) ; void swap (float *c, float *d) ; void swap (char *p, char *q) ; int main ( ) { int a = 4, b = 6 ; float c = 16.7, d = -7.89 ; char p = 'M', q = 'n' ; swap (&a, &b) ; swap (&c, &d) ; swap (&p, &q) ; }

13. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 13 Function Overloading void swap (int *a, int *b) { int temp; temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; } void swap (float *c, float *d) { float temp; temp = *c; *c = *d; *d = temp; } void swap (char *p, char *q) { char temp; temp = *p; *p = *q; *q = temp; }

14. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 14 Function Templates We have discussed overloaded functions as a way to perform similar operations on data of different types. The swap functions were an example. We wrote three functions with the same name but different data types to perform the swap operations. Then we could call swap (&a, &b), for example, and C++ would select which function to use by matching the data type of a and b to one of the functions.

15. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 15 Function Templates Another way to perform this task would be to create a function template definition. With a function template defined, when we call swap (&a, &b), C++ will generate the object code functions for us. The program on the following slides is an example.

16. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 16 Function Templates template void swap (T *a, T *b) { T temp; temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; } T is a “dummy” type that will be filled in by the compiler as needed a and b are of “type” T temp is of “type” T swap is a function template, NOT a function

17. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 17 Function Templates int main ( ) { int a = 5, b = 6; float c = 7.6, d = 9.8; char e = 'M', f = 'Z'; swap (&a, &b);// compiler puts int in for T swap (&c, &d);// compiler puts float in for T swap (&e, &f);// compiler puts char in for T cout << "a=" << a << " and b=" << b << endl; cout << "c=" << c << " and d=" << d << endl; cout << "e=" << e << " and f=” << f << endl; }

18. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 18 Operator Overloading C++ already has a number of types (e.g., int, float, char, etc.) that each have a number of built in operators. For example, a float can be added to another float and stored in yet another float with use of the + and = operators: floatC = floatA + floatB; In this statement, floatB is passed to floatA by way of the + operator. The + operator from floatA then generates another float that is passed to floatC via the = operator. That new float is then stored in floatC by some method outlined in the = function.

19. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 19 Operator Overloading (continued) Operator overloading means that the operators: –Have multiple definitions that are distinguished by the types of their parameters, and –When the operator is used, the C++ compiler uses the types of the operands to determine which definition should be used.

20. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 20 Operator Overloading (continued) A programmer has the ability to re-define or change how the operators (+, -, *, /, =, >, etc.) work on their own classes. Overloading operators usually consists of defining a class member function called operator+ (where + is any operator). Note that operator is a reserved word in C++. If anything usually follows that operator, it is passed to the function. That function acts exactly like any other member function; it has the same scope as other member functions and can return a value just like any other member function.

21. Computer Programming & Applications Mohamed Iqbal Pallipurath Lecture 02P. 21 Operator Overloading (continued) Steps for defining an overloaded operator: 1. Name the operator being overloaded. 2.Specify the (new) types of parameters (operands) the operator is to receive. 3.Specify the type of value returned by the operator. 4.Specify what action the operator is to perform.