1. Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–2 QUESTION Two common air pollutants when analyzed yield the following information; Compound I shows that 1 gram of sulfur combines with 1 gram of oxygen. Compound II shows that 1.5 grams of oxygen combines with 1 gram of sulfur. This is consistent with the law of multiple proportions because… 1.the analysis shows that sulfur and oxygen can combine in more than one way. 2.the analysis shows that the combination of sulfur and oxygen is very close to 1 in both cases. 3.the analysis shows that a small whole number (2) could be used to make a ratio of 2:3 for the oxygen mass in compound I compared to compound II.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–3 ANSWER Choice 3 offers the same conclusion as the actual Law of Multiple Proportions. If 1 and 1.5 are both multiplied by 2 the ratio is still maintained (1.5 to 1 is the same as 3:2 so multiplying by 2 does not change the ratio and does produce whole numbers for both). Section 2.2: Fundamental Chemical Laws

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–4 QUESTION J.J. Thomson’s early work helped us understand that atoms could be divided into smaller parts such as electrons. A moving charged particle follows a curved path through a magnetic field. The curvature of the path through that field is most affected by the particle’s charge to mass ratio. Of the following, which would have the greater curvature through the same magnetic field? 1.An electron 2.A proton 3.A neutron 4.I am not sure which would curve the most, a particle with greater or with lesser charge to mass ratio?

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–5 ANSWER Choice 1 (the electron) would have the greater charge to mass ratio due to the extremely small mass and a –1 unit charge. Note the proton has a greater mass, with a +1 unit charge so it would have a smaller charge to mass ratio. Section 2.4: Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–6 QUESTION Rutherford’s “Gold Foil” experiment helped shape what tenet of atomic theory? What aspect of the experiment led to this conclusion?

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–7 QUESTION (continued) 1.Electrons are embedded in atoms like “plums in a pudding”—most alpha particles go through the gold atoms. 2.Atoms must have a nucleus—only a very narrow beam of alpha particles could exit the lead box. 3.Atoms must have a nucleus—most, but not all, alphas encountered empty space inside of atoms. 4.Electrons are negative particles—only a few positive alpha particles backscattered because the negative electrons were able to neutralize them.

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–8 ANSWER Choice 3 describes the correct conclusion, for the correct reason. Since most alpha particles passed through the atom unaltered there must be mostly empty space. However, a few backscattered and calculations were able to point out that only a very small, very dense nucleus would produce those results. Section 2.4: Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–9 QUESTION Of the following three choices, which would have the greatest number of neutrons? 1. 137 Ba 2+ 2. 128 Te 2– 3. 133 Cs

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–10 ANSWER Choice 1 would have 81 neutrons. The mass number – proton number = neutron number. Ionic charges have no influence on neutron number. Section 2.5: The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–11 QUESTION Of the following, which would NOT qualify as an isotope of 35 Cl? 1. 36 Cl 2. 35 Cl – 3. 37 Cl – 4.I am not sure what distinguishing feature qualifies two atoms to be called isotopes.

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–12 ANSWER Choice 2 is NOT an isotope of 35 Cl. All three choices represent a form of chlorine but choice 2 has the same number of neutrons as the atom in the question, therefore it does not fit the criteria for isotopes (i.e. variable neutron number with constant proton number). Section 2.5: The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–13 QUESTION Calcium plays several critical roles in the functioning of human cells. However, this form of calcium is the ion made with 20 protons and 18 electrons. Therefore the ion would be… 1.positive and called an anion. 2.positive and called a cation. 3.negative and called an anion. 4.negative and called a cation.

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–14 ANSWER Choice 2 provides the correct relationship and name for an atom of calcium (20 protons = 20+) that has lost two electrons (now with 18–). The ion would have a +2 charge. Positive ions are called cations. Section 2.6: Molecules and Ions

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–15 QUESTION The element found in the 6A family (or group 16) and period four can be toxic and a micronutrient. What is the symbol for that element? 1.Sb 2.As 3.Se 4.Te

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–16 ANSWER Choice 3 pinpoints an element in both the 6A column and row four. Remember to include the first row of Hydrogen and Helium when counting rows. Section 2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–17 QUESTION What element in the alkaline earth family has an atomic number that is the average of the element directly above and below it on the periodic table, and is in the fifth period? 1.Mg 2.Na 3.Rb 4.Sr

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–18 ANSWER Choice 4 depicts an element in the fifth period, the alkaline family (group II), and with 38 protons Sr contains the average number of protons between 20 and 56. Section 2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–19 QUESTION From the following list select the element that is most likely to become an anion during a chemical reaction. 1.Hydrogen 2.Tungsten 3.Germanium 4.Bromine

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–20 ANSWER Choice 4, Br, is the nonmetal found furthest to the right on the periodic table in the list. Nonmetals typically become negative when they react with other elements, a trend that generally increases from left to right. Section 2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–21 QUESTION Of the following which would not be considered a metalloid? 1.Ge 2.Sb 3.Se 4.Did I miss something? What is a metalloid?

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–22 ANSWER Choice 3, Se, is the only element listed that is not on the “stairway” between metals and nonmetals, therefore it is the only non-metalloid listed. Section 2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–23 QUESTION Of the following, which is most likely to become a cation as a result of a chemical reaction? What would be the charge on that cation? 1.N; –3 2.Ne; +1 3.Na; +1 4.I don’t know how to make this type of prediction. Aren’t there too many variables to tell?

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–24 ANSWER Choice 3 is correct because Na is a metal, which usually forms cations, and (as a member of column I) it’s common charge would be +1. Section 2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–25 QUESTION Of the following, which provides the most acceptable name for Fe 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 ? 1.Iron (II) oxalate 2.Iron (II) oxalate (III) 3.Iron (III) trioxalate 4.Iron (III) oxalate

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–26 ANSWER Choice 4 is correct. Since iron can form compounds where it is commonly a +2 or +3, the roman numeral must be provided to indicate the charge (+3 in this case.) Since the iron charge is specified it is not necessary to indicate the number of oxalate ions present. Section 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–27 QUESTION Which of the following provides the correct name for Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ? 1.Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.Calcium (II) hydrogen phosphate 3.Calcium di-dihydrogen phosphate 4.Calcium (II) dihydrogen phosphate

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–28 ANSWER Choice 1 provides the correct name for Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2. It is not necessary to use roman numerals when an atom typically only has one oxidation state (such as calcium’s +2.) Also, the anion combination only has one possibility here so it does not need a prefix Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2. Section 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–29 QUESTION Of the following which provides the most acceptable name for Cr 2 O 7 2– ? 1.Dichromium heptoxide 2.Dichromium heptoxide ion 3.Chromium (VI) oxide 4.Dichromate ion

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–30 ANSWER Choice 4 is the name given to this polyatomic ion. When metals commonly exhibit more than one oxidation number, a roman numeral is used to specify the state in a compound. However, in this case using the roman numeral still leaves some ambiguity since CrO 3 shows Cr in the +6 state as does Cr 2 O 7 2–. Therefore, “dichromate” is used to assign a specific name to a specific arrangement. Section 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–31 QUESTION What is the correct name for this compound? Na 2 O 2 1.Disodium dioxide 2.Sodium (I) peroxide 3.Disodium peroxide 4.Sodium peroxide

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–32 ANSWER Choice 4 is correct. Since sodium only has one charge (+1) in compounds there is no need to use a roman numeral to designate its charge. Merely naming the oxygen “peroxide” is sufficient. Since it always carries a –2 charge, there can only be one combination between +1 and –2 (two +1 charges are needed) so the name provided in choice 4 unambiguously describes the compound. Section 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–33 QUESTION Hypochlorous acid is related to the anion found in common household bleach. Which of the following is that common anion? 1.ClO 4 – 2.ClO 3 – 3.ClO 2 – 4.ClO –

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 2–34 ANSWER Choice 4 represents the hypochlorite ion, ClO –, that can be made to form hypochlorous acid HClO. Section 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds