1. GOES to the Pole Lars Peter Riishojgaard/UMBC & Dennis Chesters/NASA Geostationary-class meteorological imager in a Molniya orbit Busted forecasts do occur because unobserved polar winds move into lower latitudes Polar cloud and water vapor features have been tracked with time-series satellite images in MODIS bands Molniya orbit is perfectly semi-geosynchronousMolniya orbit is perfectly semi-geosynchronous Highly eccentric Kepler orbitHighly eccentric Kepler orbit –Apogee height 39750 km (geostationary orbit height ~36000 km) –Perigee height ~600 km –Inclination 63.4 degrees –Orbital period ~11h 58m (half a sidereal day) Location of apogee w.r.t. Earth is fixed and stable!Location of apogee w.r.t. Earth is fixed and stable! Platform in quasi-stationary imaging position near the apogee for about two thirds of the duration of the orbitPlatform in quasi-stationary imaging position near the apogee for about two thirds of the duration of the orbit Used extensively by USSR (to a lesser degree by the US) for communications purposesUsed extensively by USSR (to a lesser degree by the US) for communications purposes First suggested for meteorological applications by Kidder and Vonder Haar (1990)First suggested for meteorological applications by Kidder and Vonder Haar (1990) Polar (>60N) coverage eliminates the high latitude gap in satellite- determined global winds Low-risk mission at PDR level Science Team Lars Peter Riishojgaard, UMBC, PILars Peter Riishojgaard, UMBC, PI Bob Atlas, NOAA, Simulation/impact experimentsBob Atlas, NOAA, Simulation/impact experiments Dennis Chesters, GSFC, Instrumentation, missionDennis Chesters, GSFC, Instrumentation, mission Ken Holmlund, EUMETSAT, Algorithm developmentKen Holmlund, EUMETSAT, Algorithm development Jeff Key, NESDIS/ORA, Data processing, polar productsJeff Key, NESDIS/ORA, Data processing, polar products Stan Kidder, CIRA, High-latitude applicationsStan Kidder, CIRA, High-latitude applications Arlin Krueger, UMBC, Volcano monitoringArlin Krueger, UMBC, Volcano monitoring Paul Menzel, NESDIS/ORA, Cloud applicationsPaul Menzel, NESDIS/ORA, Cloud applications Jean-Noël Thépaut, ECMWF, Global NWP applicationsJean-Noël Thépaut, ECMWF, Global NWP applications Chris Velden, CIMSS/UW, Algorithm developmentChris Velden, CIMSS/UW, Algorithm development Tom Vonder Haar, CIRA, Satellite meteorologyTom Vonder Haar, CIRA, Satellite meteorology Science Team Lars Peter Riishojgaard, UMBC, PILars Peter Riishojgaard, UMBC, PI Bob Atlas, NOAA, Simulation/impact experimentsBob Atlas, NOAA, Simulation/impact experiments Dennis Chesters, GSFC, Instrumentation, missionDennis Chesters, GSFC, Instrumentation, mission Ken Holmlund, EUMETSAT, Algorithm developmentKen Holmlund, EUMETSAT, Algorithm development Jeff Key, NESDIS/ORA, Data processing, polar productsJeff Key, NESDIS/ORA, Data processing, polar products Stan Kidder, CIRA, High-latitude applicationsStan Kidder, CIRA, High-latitude applications Arlin Krueger, UMBC, Volcano monitoringArlin Krueger, UMBC, Volcano monitoring Paul Menzel, NESDIS/ORA, Cloud applicationsPaul Menzel, NESDIS/ORA, Cloud applications Jean-Noël Thépaut, ECMWF, Global NWP applicationsJean-Noël Thépaut, ECMWF, Global NWP applications Chris Velden, CIMSS/UW, Algorithm developmentChris Velden, CIMSS/UW, Algorithm development Tom Vonder Haar, CIRA, Satellite meteorologyTom Vonder Haar, CIRA, Satellite meteorologyLifetime 36 months (60 month goal) Orbit 718 min Molniya @ 63.4 degree inclination Visible channel 0.55-0.88 micron @ 1 km resolution Infrared channels 3.9, 6.3, 7.1, 11.0, 12.0 microns @ 2 km resolution Radiometric precision Vis 500:1 SNR @ 100%, IR 0.2K @ 300K or 0.5K @ 250 K Radiometric accuracy Vis 6%, IR 1 K Field of Regard >24 degrees + star field Time for full-disk image <15 minutes Input power <180W (including 20% contingency) Mass <136 kg (including 30% contingency) Volume <0.9 m X 1.2 m X 1.3 m GOES-like instrument characteristics