1. OCN 5401 Chapter 6 Effect of Earth’s Rotation Instructor: Dr. George A. Maul gmaul@fit.edu / X 7453

3. Average Global Winds

4. Satellite derived surface winds Satellite scatterometer http://earth.nullschool.net/

5. Inertial Oscillations

6. Rossby Number space time Ro=10 Ro=1 Ro=0.1 Ro=0.01

7. R o Balances ExampleAtmosphereRoOcean 1Tornado10River Plume 2Hurricane0.1G.S. Ring 3Westerlies0.001Drift Current 4Inertial Flow1 1 2 3 4 CnCn Rossby Waves

8. Meander motion

9. Baroclinicity baroclinic part barotropic part Laboratory Model 00

10. Pancake Ice – discovery of the Ekman Spiral

11. Ekman Spiral Coriolis balances Friction Ekman surface current is 45º to right of wind in northern hemisphere

12. Ekman’s Solution x y z left hand rule coördinates depth of frictional influence (where the subsurface flow is opposite to the surface flow U o ) surface speed

13. Ekman Mass Transport (M x ) and coastal upwelling f · M x = τ y Wind Stress = +τ y Mass transport is 90º to right of wind in northern hemisphere y x Wind Stress = -τ y

14. Ekman Transport and Marine Debris

15. Ekman Pumping Cold wake from Hurricane Bonnie, 1998

16. Global SST and Upwelling What’s happening at the equator?

17. Equatorial Upwelling

18. Air-Sea Interface Atmospheric Boundary Layer wind vector heights in meters

19. Sverdrup Mass Transport H.U. Sverdrup

20. Stommel’s Linear Model r b

21. Stommel’s Solution H.M. Stommel β-plane f-plane sea surface temperatures We learn that: Wind stress curl forces w.b.c. Internal friction closes streamlines β-effect causes w.b.c.

22. Portion of Franklin’s letter of 27 May 1762 Gulf of Florida, ca. 1827

23. To Sum It Up!

24. OCN 5401 Questions? Chapter 6