1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy
The study of the structure of the human body
Physiology
The study of body function
Anatomical terminology
Based on ancient Greek or Latin
Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy (histology)
Surface anatomy
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3. Other branches of anatomy
An Overview of Anatomy
Other branches of anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Pathological anatomy (pathology)
Radiographic anatomy
Functional morphology
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4. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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5. Systemic v. Regional Anatomy
Systemic – study of anatomy by system
Regional – study of anatomy by region
Most students use a combination of regional and systemic study
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6. Regional Terms Figure 1.4a
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7. Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury
Integumentary System
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors
(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
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8. Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals
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9. Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of environment
Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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10. Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changes
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes
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11. Glands secrete hormones that regulate
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
Growth
Reproduction
Nutrient use
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12. Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
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13. Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
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14. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
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15. Breaks down food into absorbable units
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
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16. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
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17. Male & Female Reproductive Systems
Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
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18. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body (SUPINE)
Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
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19. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction (Regional terms)
Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs
Figure 1.3
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20. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
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21. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
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22. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
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23. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane
Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.5
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24. Oblique Section Through the Trunk
Figure 1.6
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25. Banana Sectioned into Planes
Figure 1.7
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26. Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord and vertebrae Segmentation
The Human Body Plan
Tube-within-a-tube
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord and vertebrae
Segmentation
Pharyngeal pouches (gills!)
Post-anal tail (at some point in development)
Characteristics common to all vertebrates
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27. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8a
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28. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8b
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29. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.8c
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30. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
Figure 1.9a
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31. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9b
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32. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
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33. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10a, b
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34. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10c
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35. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.10d
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36. Body Cavities and Membranes
Other cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
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37. Other Body Cavities Figure 1.11
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38. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants
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39. Abdominal Regions Figure 1.12a, b
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40. Abdominal Quadrants Figure 1.12c
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41. Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)
Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)
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42. Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.13
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43. Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy
Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules
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44. Scanning electron microscopy
Microscopic Anatomy
Scanning electron microscopy
Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues
Not exactly like living tissues and organs
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45. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Figure 1.14
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46. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
Variations of X ray
Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen
Allows viewing of internal organs as they move
Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements
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47. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference
Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section
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48. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain
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49. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus
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50. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content
Figure 1.19a
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51. The Human Body: An Orientation
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The Human Body: An Orientation