1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE Authors:: Bajnóczy Gábor Kiss Bernadett BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2. The pictures and drawings of this presentation can be used only for education ! Any commercial use is prohibited !

3. The composition of our atmosphere is funny gasVénusMars Earth calculated Earth real Carbon dioxide 90000 5 3000,3 Nitrogen1000 0,05 30780 Oxygen0 0,1 0,3210 Calculated and real composition of our atmosphere (mbar)

4. Explanation of the high nitrogen content N 2 +O 2 NO NO → NO 2 → HNO 3 NO 3 - Decay of organic nitrogen by bacteria N 2 O, NO, N 2, NH 3

5. FORMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE Facts and theories Geological evidences: the early atmosphere was in contact with the surface → sedimentary rocks Composition of the early atmosphere: N 2, H 2 O, CO 2 and volcanic origin SO 2, H 2, CO, H 2 S,Cl 2 Origin of life (atheist theory): CH 4, NH 3 Lack of anorganic carbon depositions Carbonate sedimentary rocks are too young

6. Photodecay origin: Production of anaerob activity photosynthesis Origin of oxygen Absorbs in the same region H 2 O ( steam ) + 0,5 O 2 (gas) h υ H 2 (gas)

7. The fate of carbon dioxide SILICATE ROCKS : CaMgSi 2 O 6 + CO 2 MgSiO 3 + CaCO 3 + SiO 2 ABSORBED IN WATER → CaCO 3 sedimentary rocks CO 2 balance: rate of human activity >> rate of natural removal XIX. century 290 ppm CO 2 2000. 370 ppm

8. Nitrogen lightening → Nitrogen removal → Biosphere feedback History of the main components gasRemained [ %] water 7 x 10 -4 Oceans, rivers carbon dioxide 9 x 10 -4 Sedimentary rocks nitrogen 80 In cycle oxygen 7 Oxidation on surface

9. Composition of the present atmosphere water in steam form + particles + gases Other gases: CO 2, Ne CH 4, Kr, H 2, N 2 O, CO, Xe, O 3, NO 2 Gases in clue (<10 -2 ppm): NH 4, SO 2, CH 4 Cl, CH 4 F 2 Cl 2, C 2 H 2, H 2 S, CCl 4, C 2 H 3 Cl 3 Gasvolume % Nitrogen78,083 Oxygen20,946 Argon0,934 Other gases0,037

10. THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT ATMOSPHERE 5,1*10 18 kg, 50% 5km, 90% 12km, very thin layer altitude pressure temperature ozone formation Burn of meteorites troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere

11. OZONE FORMATION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Chapman modell (1930): 1. 2. 3. E dissz =492 kJ/mol, above the stratosphere Low pressure, bottom layer of the stratosphere E dissz =101 kJ/mol, 15-30 km height

12. THE DOBSON UNIT

13. Thickness of the ozone layer 1DU ozone content = 0,01 mm ozone layer in standard state

15. FORMATION OF HYDROXYL RADICALS In the upper layers of the stratosphere Lower layers concentration: 10 6 molekula/cm 3 lifetime: 1 sec