1. differences mood or emotion? time orientation? physiological response? anxiety vs. fear:

2. biological contributions polygenic trait of neuroticism** neurochemicals (GABA, NE, 5HT, CRH) **comorbidity

3. generalized anxiety disorder 6 mo+ of uncontrollable worry to many issues 3+ of: restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritable, muscle tension, sleep probs distress or impairment CRITERIA

4. generalized anxiety disorder prevalence 3% 2:1 sex ratio onset 17-31 yrs (but most “always been this way”) prognosis: chronic

5. benzodiazepines Valium Librium Xanax Also used for sleeping pills & anti-seizure meds

6. panic attack inappropriate fear response CRITERIA 4+ of: heart palpitations, sweating, shaking, short of breath, choking, chest pain, nausea, dizzy, derealization/depersonalizaiton, fear of losing control, fear of dying, chills/heat, numbness/tingling

7. panic attack cued – conditioned to external cues uncued – conditioned to interoceptive cues situationally predisposed

8. panic disorder CRITERIA recurrent panic attacks 1+ for 1 mo+: - concern about future attacks or consequences - sig behavioral change (avoidance of external or internal cues)

9. panic disorder prevalence 3% 2:1 sex ratio onset teens-40 yrs rels 8x more likely concordant

10. panic disorder TREATMENT medications cued: exposure therapy + relaxation uncued: induce interoceptive sensations + cognitive restructuring of perceived control

11. agoraphobia CRITERIA anxiety about situations where: - hard to access help - escape difficult/embarrassing

12. specific phobia CRITERIA 6+ mo persistent, excessive, irrational fear of an object of situation anxiety/fear on exposure avoided or endured w/ intense anxiety insight that phobia is irrational

13. specific phobia 9% prevalence 4:1 sex ratio prognosis: chronic CAUSE direct or vicarious trauma exp or conditioning from panic attack, information transmission TREATMENT exposure therapy

14. social phobia CRITERIA fear of social/performance situations anxiety/fear upon exposure insight that fear is irrational avoidance behavior impairs functioning

15. social phobia 7% prevalence 1: 1.4 sex ratio onset: adolescence CAUSE prepared learning or, neuroticism/inhibition, conditioned direct exp TREATMENT MAO-Is, exposure & cognitive therapy

16. OCD CRITERIA recurrent & persistent thoughts/images associated behaviors compelled to perform insight to irrational “ distress, consumes 1+ hr/day, or impairs functioning

17. ocd obsessions repetitive, unwelcome thoughts compulsions repetitive, almost irresistible action germs something bad will happen symmetry religion #s washing counting checking touching rituals

18. OCD 1% prevalence sex ratio? onset: childhood-30’s prognosis: chronic thought-action fusion brain areas implicated TREATMENTS SSRIs, exposure + response prevention

19. ocd orbital frontal PFC basal ganglia cingulate abnormal activation decreases after psychotherapy or anxiolytics