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Holt Chapter 16 Chemical Compounds
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Section 1 Ionic and Covalent Compounds Pages 398-400
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Ionic compounds contain ionic bonds and are composed of oppositely charged ions arranged in a repeating pattern called a crystal lattice/
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Ionic compounds tend to be: - brittle - have high melting points - dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct an electric current.
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Covalent compounds are composed of elements that are covalently bonded and consist of independent particles called molecules.
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Section 2 Acids, Bases, and Salts Pages 401-406
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An acid is a compound that - increases the number of hydrogen ions in solution. Acids - taste sour, - turn blue litmus paper red, - react with limestone or baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas.
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A base is a compound that - increases the number of hydroxide ions in solution - taste bitter - feel slippery - turn red litmus paper blue
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Dissolving in water When dissolved in water, every molecule of a strong acid or strong base breaks apart to form ions. Few molecules of weak acids or weak bases break apart to form ions.
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When combined, an acid and a base neutralize one another to produce water and a salt Ex: NaOH + HCl --> NaOH + H 2 O base acid salt water
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pH is a measure of hydronium ion concentration in a solution. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral substance A pH of less than 7 indicates an acidic substance A pH of more than 7 indicates a basic substance
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A salt is an ionic compound formed from the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid. Ex. Na + Cl - + H + Cl - --> NaOH + H 2 O
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Section 3 Organic Compounds Pages 407-413
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Organic compounds are covalent compounds composed of carbon-based molecules.
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Each carbon atom forms four bonds with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements to form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
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Biochemicals are organic compounds made by living things.
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Carbohydrates are biochemicals that are composed of one or more simples sugars bonded together. They are used as a source of energy and for energy storage.
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Lipids are biochemicals that do NOT dissolve in water and have many functions, including storing energy and making up cell membranes.
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Proteins are biochemicals that are composed of amino acids and have many functions: Regulating materials Storing materials Providing structural support
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Nucleic acids are biochemicals that: - store information - help to builds proteins and other nucleic acids
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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
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In a saturated hydrocarbon, each carbon atom in the molecule shares a single bond with each of four carbon atoms. Example: Propane in a camping stove
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In an unsaturated hydrocarbon, at least two carbon atoms share a double bond or a triple bond. Example: ethene, produced by fruit, and a miner’s lamp used for welding
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Many aromatic hydrocarbons are based on the six-carbon ring of benzene
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Other organic compounds, including alkyl halides, alcohols, organic acids, and esters, are formed by adding atoms of other elements.
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In a saturated hydrocarbon, each carbon atom in the molecule shares a single bond with each of four other atoms
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