2. Frequency Distribution Table

3. The organization of data in tabular form yields frequency distribution.
Data in frequency distributions may be grouped or ungrouped.

4. Raw Data – are collected data that have not been organized numerically.
Array – an arrangement of raw data in ascending or descending order or magnitude
In an array, any value may appear several times
Frequency – the number of times a value appears in the listing
Relative Frequency – of any observation is obtained by dividing the actual frequency of the observation by the total frequency.

5. Ungrouped Data
When the data is small (n ≤ 30) or when there are few distinct values, the data may be organized without grouping.

6. Example 1. A certain machine is to dispense 1
Example 1. A certain machine is to dispense 1.5 kilos of sodium nitrate. To determine whether it is properly adjusted to dispense 1.5 kilos, the quality control engineer weighed 30 bags of sodium nitrate, 1.5 kilos each after the machine was adjusted. The data given below refer to the net weight (in kilos) of each bag.

7. 1.46
1.49
1.52
1.50
1.48

8. Weight (kl)
Tally
No. of bags
(frequency, f)
Relative
Frequency

9. Weight (kl)
Tally
No. of bags
(frequency, f)
Relative
Frequency
1.46 6
0.20
1.48 4
0.13
1.49 5
0.17
1.50
1.52 9
0.30 Σ 30
1.00
Table 1. Frequency distribution of the weight of sodium nitrate

10. Grouped Data
Statistical data generated in large masses (n>30) can be assessed by grouping the data into different classes.

11. Steps in forming a frequency distribution from raw data:
Find the range (R). The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values.
Decide on a suitable number of classes. This will depend upon what information the table is supposed to present. Sturge suggested the number of classes (m) as
m = log n where n = number of cases

12. 3. Determine the class size (c)
3. Determine the class size (c). c = R/m The class size (c) may be rounded off to the same place value as the data. 4. Find the number of observations in each class. This is the class frequency (f).

13. Class Intervals
Classes represent the grouping or classification. The range of values in a class is the class interval consisting of a lower limit and an upper limit. Whenever possible, we must make the class interval of equal width and make the ranges multiples of numbers which are easy to work with such as 5, 10 or 100.

14. Ex. The following are data on the observed compressive strength in psi of 50 samples of concrete interlocking blocks.
136 92
115
118
121
137
132
120
104
125
119
101
129 87
108
110
133
135
126
127
103 82 95
146
105
100
113
106
117
102
124
148

15. Solution: R = 148 – 82 = 66 m = 1 + 3.3 log 50 = 7 classes
Use c = 10 since the data values are to the nearest ones
The lowest value is 82. It is convenient to start with 80 as the lower limit of the first class =90 is the lower limit of the 2nd class.
The number of observed values tallied in each is the class frequency.

16. Compressive
Strength (psi)
Tally
No. of blocks
(frequency, f)
Relative
Frequency
80 – 89 2
0.04
90 – 99 3
0.06
100 – 109 9
0.18
110 – 119 13
0.26
120 – 129
130 – 139 7
0.14
140 – 149 Σ 50
1.00
Table 1.2 Frequency distribution of compressive strength of concrete interlocking blocks

17. Assignment
The following are the observed gasoline consumption in miles per gallon of 40 cars. Arrange the data in a frequency distribution.
24.5
23.6
24.1
25.0
22.9
24.7
23.8
25.2
23.7
24.4
23.9
25.1
24.6
23.3
24.3
25.7
24.0
24.2
24.9
24.8
23.4
22.8
23.1
25.3

18. Solution: R = 25.7 – 22.8 = 2.9 m = 1 + 3.3 log 40 = 6.2 say 7 classes
use c = 0.5 since the data values are to the nearest tenths.
The lowest value is 22.8, therefore, 22.5 may be the lower limit of the 1st class = 23.0 is the lower limit of the 2nd class.

19. Class Marks and Class Boundaries
The midpoint of the class interval is the class mark. It is half the sum of the lower and upper limits of a class.
A point that represents halfway, or a dividing point between successive classes is the class boundary.

20. The upper class boundary of the first class is the dividing point between the first class and the second class. The lower class boundary of the second class is the dividing point between the first class and the second class.
Thus, in Table 1.2, ½ (89+90) = 89.5 is the upper class boundary of the first class. This is the lower class boundary of the second class.

21. The class mark of the first class is equal to ½ (80 + 89) = 84.5.
For the succeeding classes, the class mark may be obtained by adding c = 10 since the classes have equal widths.

22. Classes Class Boundaries Class Marks
80 – 89
79.5 – 89.5
84.5
90 – 99
89.5 – 99.5
94.5
100 – 109
99.5 – 109.5
104.5
110 – 119
109.5 – 119.5
114.5
120 – 129
119.5 – 129.5
124.5
130 – 139
129.5 – 139.5
134.5
140 – 149
139.5 – 149.5
144.5
Table 1.4 Class limits, class boundaries and class marks for frequency
distribution presented in Table 1.2

23. Assignment