1. Cellular Respiration:

2. Cellular Respiration (Overview):  Cellular Respiration Overall Equation 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy  Three Stages 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb's Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain  The Main form of Energy produced = ATP

3. Overview (Continued):

4. 1.) Glycolysis: Glyco = Glucoselysis = Breakdown Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Is Anaerobic = NO Oxygen used!! Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid. Uses 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP 4 ATP – 2 ATP = 2 ATP total. 2 NADH produced

5. 1.) Glycolysis (cont.): Products:

6. 1.) Glycolysis (cont.):  Pyruvic acid is then converted to Acetyl CoA  Produces 1 molecule CO 2  Produces NADH

7. Mitochondria:  Organelle contains the final steps of cellular respiration: 2.) Kreb’s Cycle 3.) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)  Cells that use more energy have more mitochondria  E.g. Muscle cells in heart!

8. 2.) The Kreb’s Cycle:  Aerobic Process = Only occurs if oxygen is present!!  Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria  (2x)Acetyl CoA enters to form…  2 ATP  6 NADH  2 FADH 2  4 CO 2 (released when we exhale!!)  A.K.A The Citric Acid Cycle

9. 2.) The Kreb’s Cycle: X 2!

10. 3.) Electron Transport Chain :  Energy carrier molecules produced during Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle enter the ETC  NADH  FADH 2  Occurs in the Cristae (folds of the Inner Membrane) of the Mitochondria  The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen!  This step is aerobic (requires oxygen)  The ETC produces 32 ATP and H 2 O

11. 3.) Electron Transport Chain:  The ETC produces 32 ATP and H 2 O (Water)

12. SUMMARY:  ATP used in Cellular Respiration Glycolysis (2 ATP total) Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP) + ETC (32 ATP) ---------------------------------- Grand total (36 ATP)  ATP used in Photosynthesis 2 ATP  2 ADP in the Calvin Cycle. What do we WANT from our end product? ENERGY!!!! 36 ATP – 2 ADP ≈ 34 ATP produced

13. Compare Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:  Photosynthesis :  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + (Light) Energy ----> 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  Cellular Respiration :  6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 ----> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + (Cellular) Energy

14. What happens if NO OXYGEN is available?? The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain can’t function!! These are anaerobic conditions!!

15. Fermentation: The cell can use Fermentation instead!! Occurs in the Cytoplasm Just like glycolysis!! Fermentation A series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP

16. 2 Types Of Fermentation:  1.) Alcohol Fermentation Yeasts use this process to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products. This causes bread dough to rise This is how some alcoholic beverages are made Pyruvic Acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD+

17. 2 Types Of fermentation:  2.) Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms) How cheese and yogurt are made. Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise When your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis Lactic Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or burning after intense activity. Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+