1. The Integumentary System
Healthcare Science Technology Applications

2. The Skin Has been called a membrane and an organ
Most anatomy courses refer to it as a system

3. Three main layers of the skin
The Epidermis – the outermost layer
The Dermis – also called true skin
Subcutaneous – the innermost layer

4. Epidermis Outermost layer Actually made of 5 – 6 smaller layers
Has no blood vessels or nerve cells
Cells are constantly shedding and being replaced

5. Dermis True skin Has a framework of elastic connective tissue
Contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands and hair follicles
Forms lines or ridges that we call fingerprints

6. Subcutaneous Innermost layer
Made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue
Connects the skin to the underlying muscles

7. Seven Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection – barrier to the sun, invasion of germs, holds in moisture
Sensory Perception – respond to pain, pressure, temperature and touch
Body Temp Regulation – blood vessels retain or loose heat
Storage – fat, sugar, water, vitamins and salts
Absorption – some medicines
Excretion – salt and excess water
Production – vitamin D

8. Glands
Sudoriferous (Sweat glands) – coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores
Sebaceous (Oil glands) – Open onto hair follicles

9. Hair
Consists of a root which grows in a hollow tube (follicle) and a hair shaft
Protects the body and covers all surfaces except palms of hands and soles of feet

10. Nails Protect the fingers and toes from injury
Made of dead epidermal cells packed closely together

11. Pigmentation
Melanin – brownish black pigment leads to yellow, brown or black skin tint. Melanin can be concentrated in small areas (freckles)
Carotene – yellowish-red pigment also helps determine skin color
A person who has an absence of color pigments is an albino – skin has a pinkish tint, hair is pale yellow or white and eyes are red

12. Abnormal colors of the skin
Erythema – a reddening of the skin caused by burns or congestion of blood in vessels

14. Abnormal colors of the skin
Jaundice – a yellowing of the skin caused by bile in the blood or diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells

16. Abnormal colors of the skin
Cyanosis – bluish discoloration caused by lack of oxygen

18. Skin Eruptions Macules – flat spots on the skin (freckles)
Papules – firm raised areas (pimples, syphilis)
Vesicles – blisters or fluid filled sacs (chickenpox)
Pustules – puss filled sacs (acne)
Crusts – areas of dried pus and blood (scabs)
Wheels – itchy, raised areas with irregular shapes (hives, insect bites)
Ulcers – deep loss of skin surface (bedsore)

19. Macules

20. Papules
Pimples
Syphilis

21. Vesicles
Chicken Pox

22. Pustules
Smallpox

23. Crusts

24. Wheals

25. Ulcers

26. Ulcers occasionally need to be photographed
To document size and stage
For evaluation of dressing techniques
Always obtain consent before photographing and remember…..

27. Expose only what is necessary

28. Photograph only affected areas

29. Get a close up if possible

30. Integumentary System Keep it healthy

31. Diseases of the Integumentary System

32. Acne Vulgaris
Skin condition characterized by pustules (whiteheads), papules (red pimples, zits) and blackheads
Inflammation of the sebaceous gland
Gland produces too much oil - pores become blocked

33. Acne vulgaris Commonly appears on the face and shoulders
Usually occurs at adolescence
3 out of 4 teenagers have acne to some extent

34. Acne Vulgaris Causes Hormonal changes Increased secretion of sebum
Oily cosmetics and hair products
Steroids
High levels of humidity and sweating
Despite popular belief – chocolate, nuts and other foods do NOT cause Acne

35. Acne Vulgaris Symptoms papules, pustules, white heads and blackheads
redness around skin eruptions
crusting of skin eruptions
scarring of the skin

36. Acne Vulgaris Treatment frequent skin washing
avoiding creams and heavy makeup
avoid touching face
antibiotic or Vitamin A ointment
oral antibiotics
ultraviolet light treatments

37. Athlete’s foot Contagious fungal infection – usually of the feet
Causes
closed shoes
keeping feet wet
excessive sweating
direct contact - shower or pool surfaces

38. Athlete’s foot Symptoms
cracked, flaking, peeling skin between the toes
red and itchy
burning or stinging
blisters

39. Athlete’s foot

40. Athlete’s foot Treatment over the counter antifungal powders or creams
keep feet clean and dry
wash feet thoroughly with soap and water
wear clean, cotton socks
change socks and shoes often

41. Cancer of the skin Uncontrolled growth of skin cells
If left unchecked - can spread to other tissue and organs
Frequently develops from a mole
Causes
exposure to the sun
chemicals or radiation
abnormal growth of cells in the epidermis

42. Cancer of the skin Risk factors
Complexion – light-colored skin, hair and eyes
Genetics – family history increases risk
Age – > 40
Sun burn – ears, nose, hands

43. Cancer of the skin Symptoms Many different appearances small, shiny
scaly and rough
firm and red
crusty or bleeding
asymmetry, irregular boarders, color, diameter

44. Cancer of the skin Treatment Scraping Cauterization Freezing
Surgical removal
Radiation
Prevention!!

45. Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin caused by many factors
Most frequently an allergic reaction
detergents
cosmetics
pollen
foods
poison ivy or poison oak

46. Dermatitis
Symptoms
dry skin
redness
itching
tenderness
rash
scaling

47. Dermatitis Treatment Initial – wash with lots of water
Further exposure to known irritants should be avoided
Long term treatment
eliminate the cause (cats, carpet, change detergent)
anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, steroids

48. Eczema
A noncontagious disorder caused by an allergen or irritant
Most common in infants
In adults – a chronic condition
Causes
irritants
diet
cosmetics
medications
emotional stress

49. Eczema Symptoms Dryness, redness, itching
Rash, dry leathery skin areas
Vesicles, crusts and scaling

50. Eczema

51. Eczema Treatment Varies depending on appearance Remove the irritant
Chronic thickened areas - ointments or creams that contain tar
Steroids to reduce swelling

52. Impetigo Highly contagious disease
Caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria
Superficial - appears red with yellow or golden crusts
Frequently in children on face, upper trunk and arms

53. Impetigo Symptoms Redness Itching Oozing vesicles, pustules
Yellow crust

54. Impetigo Treatment Goal - cure the infection and relieve the symptoms
Antibacterial creams
Wash with soap and water
Keep dry
Sometimes oral antibiotics are needed

55. Psoriasis Common, chronic skin disorder
Approximately 3 million Americans affected
Most commonly begins between ages 15 and 35
An inherited disorder
Most commonly seen on truck, elbows, knees, scalp

56. Psoriasis Caused by build up of dead skin cells
Symptoms – thick red areas covered with white or silver scales
May crack and become painful

57. Psoriasis Treatment No cure Control symptoms and prevent infection
Shampoos, coal/tar ointments
Ultraviolet light
Scale removal

58. Ringworm Highly contagious fungus infection of the skin or scalp
NOT caused by a worm
Direct contact or contact combs, clothes, shower or pool surfaces
Can be transmitted from pets to humans

59. Ringworm Symptoms Flat or raised circular area
Clear center surrounded by an itchy, scaly or crusty ring
If scalp or beard – bald patches
Nails – discolored, thick, crumble

60. Ringworm Treatment Keep skin clean and dry
Apply over-the counter cream or lotion
Severe or persistent infection – see MD
Treat infected pets

61. Verrucae (warts) Small usually painless growths on the skin
Generally harmless - can be disfiguring and embarrassing
Occasionally can itch or hurt (soles of feet)
Caused by a virus

62. Verrucae (warts) Symptoms Raised round or oval growth – rough
Light, dark or rarely black
Occur on face, arms, legs, hands and/or feet

63. Verrucae (warts) Treatment Some disappear spontaneously
Others - electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid or chemicals
Duct tape

64. It’s the only skin you’ve got….keep it healthy!