1. Types of Nutrition and Photosynthesis

2. Nutrition
The activities by which an organism obtains, processes, and uses food to carry on their life functions

3. Two Types of Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition

4. (I) Autotrophic Nutrition
A type of nutrition in which an organism can make its own food
Ex: green plants
algae
some bacteria

5. An organism capable of making their own food
Autotroph
An organism capable of making their own food

6. The most common type of autotrophic nutrition
Photosynthesis
The most common type of autotrophic nutrition
In this process, organisms use energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make its own food

8. Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll
It is in the chloroplast that light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and glucose is formed as the product (food)

9. Structure of Chloroplast
                                 

10. Formula for Photosynthesis

11. Reactants:
1.) CO2
2.) Water
3.) Light Energy
Products:
1.) Glucose
2.) Oxygen
3.) Water

12. ROY G BIV
The maximum amount of photosynthesis will occur when exposed to red and blue light because it is these two colors that are easily absorbed in great quantity by the chlorophyll
For green leaves, green light is reflected and therefore has the least affect on photosynthesis

15. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
Light Reaction
Dark Reaction

16. Light Reaction

17. Dark Reaction

18. 1. Light Reaction Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast
First stage of photosynthesis
Begins with the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
Photolysis occurs- a reaction in which H2O molecules split into oxygen and hydrogen
All oxygen given off during photosynthesis comes from the photolysis of water
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), which is a form of energy, is produced

19. 1- Light Reaction "PHOTOLYSIS"
                
                        
                             
   
                            

20. Light Reaction
                                             

21. 2. Dark Reaction Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
The second stage of photosynthesis
It is here that CO2 is converted to carbohydrates (glucose) by a process called carbon fixation
Light is not required

22. CO2 + H atoms + ATP are combined during the first part of dark reaction to form PGAL + water
PGAL = phosphoglycerolaldehyde
The PGAL molecules are then synthesized to form a glucose molecule.

23. Dark Reaction
                                                                                                   

27. Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
Water
Carbon dioxide level
Temperature

28. 1.) Increasing the level of CO2 tends to increase the rate of photosynthesis.
2.)  Limiting the amount of water to the extent of creating drought conditions will limit the amount of photosynthesis.
3.)  Increasing temperature from 0ºC to 35ºC tends to increase the rate of photosynthesis.
4.)  Increasing temperatures over 35ºC will decrease the rate of photosynthesis.
5.)  Increasing light intensity will increase the rate of photosynthesis until a certain light intensity is reached, after this intensity is reached, increasing the light intensity will have no effect on the photosynthesis rate.

29. Adaptations for Photosynthesis
A. Unicellular Organisms
1. Almost all chlorophyll-containing unicellular organisms are aquatic (live in water)
2. The raw materials for photosynthesis are absorbed directly from the water and into the cell
Ex: algae

30. B. Terrestrial Plants (land-dwelling)
1. Occurs in leaves that provide the maximum surface area for the absorption of light

32. Cross section of Leaf
1. Outer most layer is the epidermis which is covered by a waxy coat called the cuticle – which prevents excess water loss
2. Stomates- allows the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the leaf and the external environment
                                                           

33. Guard cells- control the opening and closing of the stomates

35. Palisade Layer- is where most of photosynthesis takes place
Vein- contain xylem and phloem (known as vascular tissue)
                                                
                                                       

36. WHY DO LEAVES CHANGE COLOR IN THE FALL?

37. (II) Heterotrophic Nutrition
These are organisms that can not make their own food
Therefore they have to obtain premade organic food from the environment
IngestionDigestion
Egestion

38. The taking in of food into the body
Ingestion
The taking in of food into the body

39. Digestion
The process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells.

40. Types of digestion:
Intracellular digestion- takes place inside the cell (no digestive tract) Ex: simple, unicellular organisms and plants
Extracellular digestion- takes place outside of the cell and usually in a digestive tract
Ex: animals

41. Mechanical digestion- the increase in surface area of food by physically grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces Ex: chewing food with teeth
Chemical digestion- Large food molecules are broken down into smaller ones by the use of enzymes (Hydrolysis)

42. What type of digestion would this be?
                                   

43. Adaptations for Heterotrophic Nutrition

44. Fungi Live in or on their food source (substrate).
Have specialized structures called rhizoids that grow into the food.

45. Protozoa
In the Ameba, food is ingested by the process of phagocytosis (engulfing of food).
Phagocytosis is accomplished by using an extension of the cell called the pseudopod.

46. In the Paramecium, food is brought into the cell by the beating action of the cilia.
The cilia directs food particles into the oral groove (“mouth”).

47. In both the ameba and the paramecium, digestion is
intracellular and takes place within the food vacuole.

48. Hydra Food is ingested through the mouth with the aid of tentacles.
Extracellular digestion takes place in the cavity with the aid of enzymes secreted by the cell layers of the hydra.
Undigested food is egested through the mouth of the hydra.
The hydra has a two-way digestive tract. (think of a two-way street; food goes in one way, it is digested, and wastes make a “U-E” and back out of the mouth).
Hydra

49. Earthworm Food is ingested through the mouth.
Food is temporarily stored in the crop.
Gizzard- breaks down the food mechanically by grinding.
Intestine- where chemical digestion occurs and nutrients are absorbed.
Anus- undigested materials are egested (eliminated) out.
The earthworm has a one-way digestive tract (think one-way street, food in one way and out one way).

50. Grasshopper Basically the same as the earthworm.
Mouth contains specialized mouthparts for chewing.
Chemical digestion is aided by salivary glands and the gastric caeca, which secretes enzymes into the digestive tract.
The grasshopper also has a one-way digestive tract (mouth  anus).

52. Chemosynthesis A type of autotrophic nutrition
Does not require light as an energy source
Energy is obtained from inorganic molecules that seep out of the deep ocean crust.
Bacteria use these molecules to form organic molecules.
Found in deep ocean thermal vents

53. Tube worms