1. Censorship in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes II Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal

2. Totalitarian regimes Society is entirely controlled by the State, no elements of civil society exist The courts are politicised Mass society, no individualism accepted The State power is concentrated into the hands of a group or a person who cannot be removed from the power by using peaceful means A mobilising ideology justifies the power of the ruling elite

3. Authoritarian regimes The State controls society, but certain spheres of civil society (civic initiatives) exist The court system is independent from the State Ruling elite (person) uses ideology for justifying and supporting the regime, but limited opposition is possible

4. The Key Difference between Authoritarian and Totalitarian regimes The acceptance / non-acceptance of the power of other social institutions to restrain the limits of power of the ruler(s).

5. Communism The final stage of human development People rule both politically and economically Classless society, no exploitation, no inequality Government not necessary

6. Fascism Lat. fasces Devotion to the state, nation and a powerful leader An absolute national unity Individual subjected to the interests of nation War is moral Mussolini 1932: The fascist State organises the nation, but leaves a sufficient margin of liberty to the individual; the latter is deprived of all useless and possibly harmful freedom, but retains what is essential; the deciding power in this question cannot be the individual, but the State alone.

7. Democracies and non-democratic governments 1939 BLUE = BALKAN MONARCHIES LIGHT GREY = DEMOCRACIES DARK GREY = AUTHORITARIAN BLACK = TOTALITARIAN

8. 8 of the 14 Common Characteristics in Fascist States Powerful and Continuing Nationalism Religion and Government are Intertwined Controlled Mass Media Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause Obsession with Crime and Punishment Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights Fraudulent Elections.

9. Fascism on War and Peace Fascism believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it. (Mussolini)

10. Common Goals for Censorship 1.Control of public appearance of the regime and deletion of all content that opposed or doubted its value. 2.Constant check of public consensus of opinion 3.Prevention of alternative information