2. Democratizing Freedom
Focus Question:
How did equality become a stronger component of American freedom after the Revolution?

3. Democratizing Freedom
The Dream of Equality
Revolution allows space for political and social struggle
Liberty allowed attacks on political institutions
Notion of equality
Minorities question authority

4. Abigail Adams, a portrait by Gilbert Stuart
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Abigail Adams, a portrait by Gilbert Stuart

5. Democratizing Freedom
Expanding the Political Nation
Democracy
Direct rule, a mixed constitution, or government for the people
Members of all classes debate universal suffrage, religious toleration and the issue of slavery

6. Democratizing Freedom
The Revolution in Pennsylvania
Pro-independence forces question property qualification
New constitution
Abolished governor
Legislature elected by men over the age of 21
Had to pay taxes

7. John Dickinson’s copy of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1776
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8. Democratizing Freedom
The New Constitutions
New governments should reflect division of society
Upper house – wealthy
Lower house – ordinary
Powerful governor and judiciary
Checks and balances

9. Democratizing Freedom
The Right to Vote
Limitation on voting
Based on property ownership
Thomas Paine – eliminate traditional social ranks
Most constitutions – voting becomes a privilege
Virginia/South Carolina least democratic

10. Democratizing Freedom
Democratizing Government
1780s – large majority of white males met voting requirements
Except Maryland, New York, and Virginia
New Jersey
All property owners allowed to vote

11. Toward Religious Toleration
Focus Question:
How did the expansion of religious liberty after the Revolution reflect the new American ideal of freedom?

12. Toward Religious Toleration
Catholic Americans
Anti-Catholicism weakened by Revolution
Second Continental Congress invites Quebec to join revolution
Alliance with France

13. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
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A 1771 image of New York City

14. Toward Religious Toleration
The Founders and Religion
Revolution challenged privileges of the Anglican Church
Revolutionary leader wanted to avoid religious-driven conflict

15. Toward Religious Toleration
Separating Church and State
Protect religion from the corruption of government
Deprived establish churches from public funding and special privileges
Religious toleration not universal
New York – barred Jews from office holding
7 states limited office holding to Protestants

16. Toward Religious Toleration
Jefferson and Religious Liberty
“Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom”
Eliminated religious requirements for voting and office holding
Eliminated government financial support
Drew line between public authority and private sphere

17. A draft of Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Establishing
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A draft of Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Establishing
Religious Freedom

18. In Side of the Old Lutheran Church in 1800, York, Pa.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
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In Side of the Old Lutheran Church in 1800, York, Pa.

19. Toward Religious Toleration
The Revolution and the Churches
Challenge to religious authority
Moravians – conducting their own affairs, like arranging marriages
Allowing the growth of different denominations
Growing influence of religion on American society

20. Toward Religious Toleration
Christian Republicanism
Religious values reinforced the morality required for a republic to thrive
Some states bar non-Christians from political office
Promoting of free public schools
Preparation for civic life

21. Defining Economic Freedom
Focus Question:
How did the definition of economic freedom change after the Revolution, and who benefited from the changes?

22. Defining Economic Freedom
Toward Free Labor
Disappearance of indentured servitude
By 1800
Northern economy – “free labor”
Southern economy – slave labor

23. Defining Economic Freedom
The Soul of a Republic
Republic could not survive with large number of dependent citizens
Landownership key for republican future
Abundance of land ensures republican liberty and social equality

24. View from Bushongo Tavern
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25. Defining Economic Freedom
The Politics of Inflation
Conflict between state and national government
Increased inflation
Printing of hundreds of millions of dollar
Disruption of agriculture and trade
Hoarding by merchants

26. Discontent with Rising Prices, 1777
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27. Defining Economic Freedom
The Debate over Free Trade
Different opinions
Republican government should promote public good not self-interest
Prosperity flowed from economic self-interest
Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations
The “invisible hand”

28. The Limits of Liberty Focus Question:
How did the Revolution diminish the freedoms of both Loyalists and Native Americans?

29. The Limits of Liberty Colonial Loyalists
Maintained allegiance to the British crown
Lost their liberties
20-25 % of free Americans were Loyalists
20,000 fought for the British
Represented in every colony

30. Map 6.1 Loyalism in the American Revolution
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Map 6.1 Loyalism in the American Revolution

31. The Limits of Liberty The Loyalists’ Plight
Revolution became civil war in some areas
States required pledge of allegiance
Confiscation of property and loss of voting rights
100,000 Loyalist exiled or left voluntarily

32. A 1780 British cartoon commenting on the “cruel fate”
of American Loyalists.
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33. The Limits of Liberty The Indians’ Revolution
Revolution resulted in loss of freedom
Settlers moved westward
Different tribes backed the British or Americans
Iroquois Confederation split over the war

34. The Limits of Liberty White Freedom, Indian Freedom
Thomas Jefferson supported the securing of more land
Liberty = land for white settlers
Indians wanted their own freedom
Independence and possession of their own land

35. Slavery and the Revolution
Focus Question:
What was the impact of the Revolution on slavery?

36. Slavery and the Revolution
The Language of Slavery and Freedom
Slavery and liberty most used terms in political writings
1/5 of population were slaves
Slavery – primarily political in its meaning
Used by slave owners who fought the British

37. Slavery and the Revolution
Obstacles to Abolition
All founding fathers owned slaves
Slavery of blacks enabled freedom for whites
Self-government and protection of property
Prevented interference with human property
Government interference with slave property would make slaves of them

38. Slavery and the Revolution
Petitions for Freedom
Slaves used language of revolutionaries to petition for their own freedom
1770s – slaves in New England petitioned for their freedom in court
War offered opportunity to escape slavery

39. A 1775 notice in The Massachusetts Spy reporting a resolution
of the Committees of Correspondence of Worcester County that
advocated the abolition of slavery.
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40. Slavery and the Revolution
British Emancipators
Slaves gained freedom by siding with British
British generals granted freedom for enlistment
100,000 slaves escaped to British lines
Many emigrated to England and Canada
20,000 were returned to their owner

41. Slavery and the Revolution
Voluntary Emancipations
Most state discouraged or banned importation of African slaves
1780s – a significant number of slaveholders emancipated their slaves
Virginia and Maryland

42. Slavery and the Revolution
Abolition in the North
Every state north of Maryland moved toward emancipation
Gradual emancipation
Slave not free, only children of slave mothers after reaching adulthood

43. Slavery and the Revolution
Free Black Communities
Established in all states
Free men could vote after meeting taxpaying or property requirements
Except Maryland, Georgia and South Carolina
Growing division between slave and free states

44. Daughters of Liberty Focus Question:
How did the Revolution affect the status of women?

45. Daughters of Liberty Revolutionary Women
Worked as spies and produced goods for the army
Ladies Associations
Raised funds for soldiers
Abigail Adams
“Remember the Ladies”

46. Daughters of Liberty Gender and Politics
Tradition gender relationship remained
Husband legal authority over body, property and choices of their wives
Marriage contract more important than social contract
Women’s role viewed in terms of duty and oligation

47. Keep Within Compass Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
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Keep Within Compass

48. Daughters of Liberty Republican Motherhood
Women had responsibility to train future citizens
Morality developed within household and family
No active participation in politics
Expansion of education for women

49. Daughters of Liberty The Arduous Struggle for Liberty
Expansion of rights for white males
Expansions of the right to vote
Decline of bound labor for white
Greater freedom for religious groups
Indians, Loyalists, and slaves
Revolution resulted in loss of freedom

50. America Triumphant and Britannia in Distress
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America Triumphant and Britannia in Distress

51. Review Democratizing Freedom Toward Religious Toleration
Focus Question: How did equality become a stronger component of American freedom after the Revolution?
Toward Religious Toleration
Focus Question: How did the expansion of religious liberty after the Revolution reflect the new American ideal of freedom?
Defining Economic Freedom
Focus Question: How did the definition of economic freedom change after the Revolution, and who benefited from the changes?

52. Review The Limits of Liberty Slavery and the Revolution
Focus Question: How did the Revolution diminish the freedoms of both Loyalists and Native Americans?
Slavery and the Revolution
Focus Question: What was the impact of the Revolution on slavery?
Daughters of Liberty
Focus Question: How did the Revolution affect the status of women?