1. Democracy or Polyarchy
Robert Dahl

2. Polyarchy according to Dahl
Democracy is the ideal point where the Polyarchy will get
A government should be responsive to the preferences of the citizens as political equals
Contestation and universal suffrage (inclusion)

3. Polyarchy, between inclusion and contestation
England – restricted inclusion, but highly developed contestation
Switzerland – restricted inclusion, but highly developed contestation
USSR – highly developed inclusion, but no contestation

4. Citizens must be able to:
For a government to continue for a period of time to be responsive to the preferences of its citizens
Citizens must be able to:
Formulate their preferences
Signify their preferences
Have their preferences weighted equally in conduct of the government

5. Eight required institutions
Freedom of association
Freedom of speech
Free and fair elections
The right for the leaders for political campaigning
The right to run for the election
Multiple sources of information
Checks and balances

6. Linz and Stepan: Regime Typologies

7. Regimes are categorized based on
1- pluralism
2- ideology
3- mobilization
4- leadership

8. Five regime types Democracy Authoritarianism Totalitarianism
Post-totalitarianism
Sultanisms

9. See Page 44 table 3.1

10. Regime change (56-58) Death
Internal erosion of the cadres ideological beliefs
The incremental pluralization of the society
Foreign interventions
Military coups
Pacts between the opposition and the management
Revolutions
Forced change
Conditionality