1. Michael B McElroy School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University May 21, 2008 Renewable Energy and Beyond

2. 2 Data Source: EIA

3. 3 Source: EIA

4.  Combustion of oil accounted for 44% of U.S. emissions of CO2 in 2006(2.6 billion tons CO2 from a total 5.9 billion tons)  Transportation(cars, trucks, trains, ships and air crafts) responsible for 33% of total U.S. CO2 emissions(2.0 billion tons CO2)  Gasoline powered cars/trucks account for 40% of total U.S. oil consumption, 18% of CO2 emissions 4

5.  U.S. imported 12.4 million barrels of oil per day in 2006  Imports now account for 60% of total U.S. consumption of oil  Current annual bill for imported oil exceeds $450 billion, more than 50% of international trade deficit, >3% of GDP 5

6.  Length of average vehicle trip in U.S. is 10 miles  Average distance travelled per vehicle per day is ~ 30 miles(assuming 11,000 miles per year)  Current fuel economy is ~17 miles/ gallon (12.4 miles/gallon in 1960)  Raising gasoline fuel economy to 150 miles/gallon would reduce demand for oil by 36%, reducing imports by 60%, saving $270 billion at present prices. 6

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9. 9 Wind Data: ERA-40, 2000 100km×100km at middle latitude Onshore: Excluding forest & urban areas GE 2.5MW turbines Unit Occupation Area: 0.28Km 2 Offshore: water depth above 200m & max offshore distance 93.7km GE 3.6MW turbines Unit Occupation Area: 0.62 km 2 CF≥ 0% : Onshore: 6.0 TW & Offshore: 0.75 TW CF ≥ 20%: Onshore: 2.3 TW & Offshore: 0.67 TW Total Electricity Consumption in 2005: 0. 27 TWyr

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19. 19 Dollars per gallon, including all taxes Source: EIA

20. 20 US $3.072/gallon 97# : US$2.89/gallon 93#: NA 90# US$ 2.86/gallon 0 #: Unit: Yuan/liter