1. Mad Cow Disease

2. Scrapie in sheep

3. SKEPTICS????? What are proteins? How do they differ from DNA and RNA? How can a protein without hereditary material infect another organism and the increase in numbers resulting in disease???????

4. BIOCHEMISTRY!!! The chemistry of life…………..

5. 2 General Categories of Compounds… 1. Inorganic Compounds: They DO NOT contain carbon! 2. Organic Compounds: The DO contain carbon!

6. Carbon Compounds!!! The “Swiss Army Knife” of Chemistry!!! Chapter 3

7. 4 major organic compounds we will be learning about are: 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids

8. Review: Atoms Atomic mass = P and N (nucleus) Atomic no. = # of P (same as no. of e-) Shells: “maximum” 1 st shell = 2 electrons 2 nd shell = 8 electrons 3 rd shell = 8 electrons 4 th shell = 18 electrons 5 th shell = 18 electrons 6 th shell = 32 electrons 7 th shell = 32 electrons

9. What does each line (bond) represent?? Each line represents a pair of electrons from the OUTER RINGS OF THE ATOMS. Let’s try CH 4 Carbon’s atomic number is 6 Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1 DRAW THIS COMPOUND WITH COVALENT BONDS, THEN A STRUCTURAL FORMULA!

10. Carbon Bonding! * Carbon is essential to life for several reasons: It can form strong stable (usually non-polar) covalent bonds It can form up to 4 chemical bonds It can form multiple bonds

11. Carbon can bond to form a number of different shapes! Straight chain, branched and ring!!

12. Large Carbon Molecules 1. Monomers = small simple molecule. 2. Polymers = repeated single molecule units linked together

13. Continue… 3. Macromolecules: large polymers

14. Functional Groups Clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose! 1. Hydroxyl group -OH

15. Alcohol (usually “ol” ending) Organic compound with hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms Examples: 1. ethanol = found in alcoholic beverages, causes cell death in liver and brain cells CH 3 CH 2 OH

16. More Examples of Alcohols 2. Methanol = wood alcohol, can cause blindness or even death when consumed (formaldehyde) 3. Glycerol = humans need this alcohol to assemble certain molecules necessary for life (lipids)

17. show examples! 4 Major Elements in Living Organisms!! – show examples! Carbon: 4 bonds - “C” Nitrogen: 3 Bonds - “N” Oxygen: 2 bonds - “O” Hydrogen: 1 bond - “H”

18. Let’s Practice!! Molecular Formulas = WORDS IN CHEMISTRY!! Structural Formulas = PICTURES IN CHEMISTRY!!!

19. Draw the structural formulas for the following: H 2 O CO 2 CH 3 OH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 OH CH 3 CHOHCHOHCH 2 OH

20. Still Harder!!! H 2 NCH 2 COOH C 6 H 12 O 6 What is the molecular formula for the following?

21. What is the molecular formula??

22. Let us practice with “Play-doh”…….

23. Cell’s energy: ATP + H 2 O  ADP The energy compound of living cells! Adenosine triphosphate

24. * ATP Short for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. ATP is closely related to nucleic acids. Composed of Ribose, Adenine & a phosphate group Phosphate group has ability to bind/release additional phosphate group allowing it to store or release energy