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Published byPolly Willis Modified over 9 years ago
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1.INTRODUCTION Direct speech (DS): we use direct speech when we report s.o’s words by repeating them. Eg: “ I’ll go and heat some milk”, said Agnes.
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Indirect speech (IS): we use indirect speech when we use our own words to report what s.o says. Eg: Agnes said she could go and heat some milk.
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2. Tenses in IS When the reporting verbs are in the present tense, there is no change in the verb tense when reported. Eg: There’ll be a delay. He says there’ll be a delay.
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Tenses in IS When the reporting verbs is in the past tense, the verbs of the original speech usually “ move back” one tense when reported.
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S.Present S.Past Present cont. Past cont. Present perfect Past Perfect. S.Past Past Perfect. Past perfect past perfect.
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Eg: 1. I watch TV everyday. She said she watched TV everyday. 2. I am watching TV. She said that she was watching TV.
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3. I have watched TV. She said she had watched TV. 4. I watched TV yesterday. She said she had watched TV yesterday. 5.I had watched TV by the time you came. She said she had watched TV by the time I had come.
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3. Changes in IS People: when changing from DS to IS, you have to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence. Eg: Tom said, “ you will go to the party with me, Mary.” Tom said that Mary would go to the party with him.
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Change in IS Place: This that Here there Eg: “ I will wait for you here,” John said to me. John told he would wait for me there.
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Change in IS Adverbial of time: Now then Today that day Yesterday the day before, the previous day Tomorrow the next day, the following day
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Change in IS This week that week Last week the week before, the previous week. Next month the month after, the following month. An hour ago an hour before
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Change in IS Modal Verbs: Will would Would /could / should / might : stay the same in reported speech. Must stay the same or change to “ had to ” May : stay the same or change to “ might ”
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4. Reporting questions In a reported question, the word order is like a statement: -Don’t have the word order of direct question. -The auxiliary is no longer necessary. - we don’t use the question mark.
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In a reported question, the tense change from present to past in the same way as in a statement.
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To report yes/no questions we use “ if / whether ”. Eg: 1. Have you bought your ticket? Mary wanted to know if Steve had bought his ticket. 2. Can you solve the problem? She asked whether I could solve the problem.
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To report Wh-question: -Firstly, we repeat the wh question word in the direct question. -Secondly, we change the question into the statement.
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Eg: 1. Where are you staying? He asked me where I was staying. 2. Who have you invited? Peter wanted to know who we had invited.
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5. Reporting orders/ requests tell / ask + O + to – inf Eg: 1. “ stay in bed for a week”, the doctor said. the doctor told her to stay in bed for a week.
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2. “ please wait outside”, the secretary said. the secretary told us to wait outside. 3. “ go out,” my sister said. My sister asked me to go out.
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6. Verb of reporting We normally use an indirect object after “ tell ” but not after “say ” Eg: Cella told me (that) she would marry the following month. Cella said she would marry the following month.
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We can use “ ask” with or without an direct object. Eg: I asked (her) when he would come.
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Other verbs: wonder, want to know, announce, promise, explain…. Eg: 1. Alex wondered who I was waiting for. 2.They announced they could increase the salary.
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Eg: 3.He promised he would clean his room. 4.She explained that the plane had arrived late.
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