1. FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Development of Nursing Research 1

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives 1.Define Nursing Research 2.Identify Sources Of Nursing Knowledge 3.Describe Scientific Research 4.Compare Two Broad Purposes For Conducting Research 5.Discuss Four Goals For Conducting Nursing Research

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives (cont’d) 6.Compare Qualitative And Quantitative Research 7.Recognize The Importance Of Outcomes Research 8.Contrast The Various Roles Of Nurses In Research 9.Recall Some Of The Historic Events In The Development Of Nursing Research

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objectives (cont’d) 10.Determine Priority Areas For Nursing Research 11.Explain The Significance Of The National Institute Of Nursing Research 12.Recognize The Importance Of The Cochrane Nursing Care Field

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective One Learning Objective One Define Nursing Research

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nurses and the Research Process Educate the public that nurses do research Report research findings locally and nationally Present information on clinical practice issues

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum Nursing research courses Research content in all nursing courses Research threaded throughout the curriculum

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nursing Research and Nursing Knowledge Ask the right questions Search for evidence to support and answer questions Implement changes to improve practice Evaluate results of the changes Add to our unique body of nursing knowledge

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nursing Research Definition Uses a systematic and objective process Analyzes phenomena of importance to nursing

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nursing Research Domains Nursing practice Nursing education Nursing administration

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Clinical Nursing Research Focuses on clients and studies Positively affects care of clients

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Scientific Method One source of nursing knowledge Most reliable source of nursing knowledge

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Two Learning Objective Two Identify Sources Of Nursing Knowledge

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Sources of Nursing Knowledge Tradition Experts, authorities Trial and error Scientific research

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Sources of Nursing Knowledge: Tradition Handing down of knowledge

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Sources of Nursing Knowledge: Experts and Authorities Past: physicians Today: unique body of nursing knowledge

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Sources of Nursing Knowledge: Trial and Error Means of discovering knowledge Reasons for success or failure not determined

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Scientific Research Method Best source for research knowledge Most reliable of all sources Very objective in its process

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Three Learning Objective Three Describe Scientific Research

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Traditional Scientific Research Systematic Orderly Objective

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Empirical Data Hallmark of scientific method Data gathered via senses

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Features of Scientific Research Process Unbiased data and facts Not influenced by researcher Control measures

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Scientific Research and Problem- solving Approach: Similarities Identify problem areas Establish plans of action Collect data and information Evaluate data results

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Varied Purposes Scientific research –Broader in scope –Obtains data for generalization –Applies knowledge to other people and settings

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Varied Purposes Problem-solving approach –Specific in scope –Seeks a solution to a problem in specific setting –Uses knowledge for people in specific setting

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Four Learning Objective Four Compare Two Broad Purposes For Conducting Research

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Two Broad Purposes of Nursing Research Basic Applied

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Basic Research Generates new knowledge “Knowledge for knowledge’s sake” Develops, tests, and refines theories Immediate application of results rare

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Applied Research Majority of nursing research Uses new knowledge to solve immediate problems

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Funding Opportunities for Nursing Research Federal government: National Institute for Nursing Research Private foundations Corporations Professional organizations –Sigma Theta Tau International American Nurses Foundation

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Five Learning Objective Five Discuss Four Goals For Conducting Nursing Research

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Goals for Conducting Research Promote evidence-based nursing practice Ensure credibility of the nursing profession Provide accountability for nursing practice Document cost effectiveness of nursing care

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP) Provide best possible care Clinical decisions based on –Best research evidence –Nurses’ clinical expertise –Health care preferences of clients

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Credibility of Nursing Profession Professional versus vocational Establishing own body of knowledge Research helps determine what makes nursing profession unique. Build on high ethical and honesty ranking

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Accountability for Nursing Practice Increased independence → more accountability Promote actions based on sound rationale General public’s increased knowledge → higher expectations Keep knowledge base current

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Cost Effectiveness—a Nursing Responsibility Gain an education in business and finances Help patients understand the importance of nursing Nursing is large part of an institution's budget. Validate nursing activity effectiveness with research

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Six Learning Objective Six Compare Qualitative And Quantitative Research

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Quantitative Research Objectivity Tight controls Generalization of findings

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Qualitative Research Subjectivity No controls Not able to generalize findings

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy What Type of Research Are Nurses Doing? Initially, quantitative Focus change—qualitative Qualitative research is increasing.

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Hard Science Versus Soft Science Is there a difference? Is one better than the other? What are researchers really doing?

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Seven Learning Objective Seven Recognize The Importance Of Outcomes Research

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Outcomes Research Measurable outcomes Addresses interventions Uses certain patient populations

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Nursing Research and Outcomes A new buzzword in health care Nursing always concerned with outcomes

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy What Makes Outcomes Research Different? Not just traditional clinical measurement Different design, methods, and sampling procedures Less controlled

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Outcomes Research Influences High cost of health care Nursing care that is cost effective Services purchased that improve client health

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Eight Learning Objective Eight Contrast The Various Roles Of Nurses In Research

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Educational Expectations for Nursing Research Vary by preparation Baccalaureate nurses’ research expectations Postdoctoral nurses’ research expectations All nurses should read research. Advanced practice nurses perform research.

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Specific Research Roles for Nurses Principal investigator Member of research team Identifier of researchable problems Evaluator of research findings User of research findings Patient/client advocate during studies Subject/participant in studies

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Principal Investigator Beginning nurse researcher –Small-scale surveys Independent researcher –Special research preparation

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Member of Research Team Data collection for study Administer experimental interventions

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Identifier of Researchable Problems All levels of nursing preparation Ideal situation for bedside nurses

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Evaluator of Research Findings Role for all nurses Read articles on the process Review critique guidelines in the textbook

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy User of Research Findings Break from traditional procedures Use relevant finding in practice to improve care Be judicious Role of research utilization (RU) versus EBR –RU: findings into practice –EBR: searching for best evidence

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Patient/Client Advocate During Studies Ethical considerations Explain study Participant support and resource

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Subject/Participant in Studies Nurses act in both roles. Example: Nurses’ Health Study I and II –Harvard Medical School (1976) –Health risks and exposure and disease

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective nine Learning Objective nine Recall Some Of The Historic Events In The Development Of Nursing Research

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy ANA Research Priorities (1980) Health promotion and preventive health practices Health care needs for high-risk groups Life satisfaction for individuals and groups Cost effectiveness in health care

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy National Center for Nursing Research Nursing organizations and their priorities National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses Mental health nurses Emergency Nursing Association Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Association of Community Health Nursing Educators (ACHNE)

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Identified Research Priorities Patient care research—“sacred cow” Nursing characteristics Nursing education and administration Clinical student performances Education research

61. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Replication Studies Repeating a study Currently lacking in nursing research Allows for generalizations

62. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective Twelve Learning Objective Twelve Recognize The Importance Of The Cochrane Nursing Care Field

63. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Cochrane Collaboration Established in 1993 Nonprofit organization Well-informed health care decisions

64. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Organization of the Collaboration 27,000 contributors 100 countries 16 fields/networks

65. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Cochrane Nursing Care Field (CNCF) Established in 2009 Nursing research resources –Cochrane Review Summaries –Nursing care–related podcasts –CNCF news –Online and face-to-face involvement