2. Reformations of Christianity

3. Causes of the Reformation 100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church

4. Martin Luther (1483-1546) A Catholic Monk in Germany Luther argues that faith alone saves the human sinner In 1517, he nails his Ninety-Five Theses, which confront the church and call for reform, on the door of the Wittenburg cathedral Luther rejects all but two of the sacraments, baptism and holy communion

5. Martin Luther Continued Painting of Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder

6. Martin Luther Continued Luther attacks monasticism, clerical celibacy, and the authority of the pope Luther re-translates the Old and New Testaments, and asserts that the ultimate authority is scripture

7. The Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms (a German parliamentary council) charges Luther with heresy 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

10. Protestant Reformation The peasants revolted Aristocracy sides with either Catholic Church or Luther and civil wars break out in Northern Europe New religious movements and Protestant sects arise, like Calvinism and Anabaptism Calvinists, followers of John Calvin, believe that only those who are among the elect will be saved. Predestination: a doctrine that states that a the time of birth God knows who is damned and who is saved

11. Protestant Reformation Continued Calvinists put great emphasis on work ethic and condemn dancing, drinking, and public entertainment Anabaptists reject all of the seven sacraments and believe church and state should be separate; religious imagery is also denied The Anglican Church forms when Henry VIII of England divorces his first wife, is excommunicated by the Pope, and decides to break off from the Catholic church and form a new Church of England

13. Pope Alexander VI Even before Luther initiated the German Reformation, anonymous critics of Alexander VI spread propaganda showing him to be a devil. By lifting a flap one can see him transformed into a monster who proclaims, “I am the pope.”

15. The Seven Headed Papal Beast Around 1530 a Lutheran cartoon was circulated in Germany, that turned the papacy into the “seven headed beast” of the Book of Revelation. The papacy’s “seven heads” consist of pope, cardinals, bishops, and priests; the sign of the cross reads “for money a sack full of indulgences”: and a devil is seen emerging from an indulgence treasure chest below.

16. The Seven Headed Martin Luther In response, a German Catholic propagandist showed Luther as Revelation’s “beast.” In this cartoon, Luther’s seven heads show him to be a hypocrite, a fanatic, and “Barabbas” – the criminal who was set free instead of Jesus.

18. John Calvin and King Henry VIII

20. Witch Hunts Due to the chaotic nature of the time, religious persecution and witch-hunts become widespread Witchcraft became a convenient explanation for any unpleasant turn of events – failure of a crop, outbreak of a fire, an unexpected death, or inability to conceive a child. About 110,000 individuals underwent trial as suspected witches during the 16 th and 17 th centuries and about 60,000 of them died either by hanging or by burning at the stake.

21. Witch Hunts Women may have accounted for 95% or more of the condemned. Many of them were poor, old, single, or widowed – they were easy targets because they had no one to protect them. Witch hunting spread through Europe and into the European colonies and ended by 1700.

22. Jan Van Der Velde, ‘The Sorceress’, 1626. engraving

23. The Self Appointed “Witch finder Generall.”

25. Religious Wars Religious tensions lead to outright war between Protestant and Catholic communities. Kings and Queens attempted to force communities, countries and other royalty to come to their religion.

26. The Thirty Years War A massive continental conflict. By the time the war ended, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian, and Russian forces had taken part. Joined for political, economic and religious reasons.

27. The Thirty Years War Continued The Thirty Years War offered abundant opportunity for undisciplined mercenary soldiers to prey on civilian populations. Only Rarely was a mass hanging like this punished.

29. North America The events of the reformation, witch-hunts and wars caused some to leave. Many Christians (of all belief systems) left Europe and settled in North America so that they could experience religious freedom.