2. Keys to Spray Drift Management Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology Biological and Agricultural Engineering

3. Why Interest in Drift? Spotty pest control Wasted chemicals Off-target damage More high value specialty crops Urban sprawl and..... Less tolerant neighbors Litigious Society More wind?? (Timing) Environmental impact Water and Air Quality Public more aware of pesticide concerns! (Negative) (Perceptions) Result-higher costs-$$$

5. Spray Droplet Management! Need knowledge of the product being used. Herbicide, Fungicide, Insecticide Systemic Contact Uniform coverage. Is it Coverage vs Drift? What is the answer???? $64,000 Question?

6. Efficacy and Drift Mitigation: Droplet Spectrum (Range - big to small) Size of the Spray Droplets - Microns Volume Median Diameter (VMD) % Volume in droplets less than 200 microns in size

7. One micron (  m ) =1/25,000 inch Drop Size:

8. Technical Aspects of Spray Drift

9. Definition of Drift: Movement of spray particles and vapors off-target causing less effective control and possible injury to susceptible vegetation, wildlife, and people. Adapted from National Coalition on Drift Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991

10. Types of Drift: Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization (gas, fumes) Particle Drift - movement of spray particles during or after the spray application

11. Factors Affecting Drift: Spray Characteristics  chemical  formulation  drop size  evaporation Equipment & Application  nozzle type  nozzle size  nozzle pressure  height of release Weather  air movement (direction and velocity)  temperature and humidity  air stability/inversions  topography

12. Weather factors of concern: air movement (direction and velocity) Topography, etc. temperature and humidity air stability/inversions Courtesy – George Ramsay, Dupont

13. Wind direction: Wind direction is very important Know the location of sensitive areas - consider safe buffer zones. Do not spray at any wind speed if it is blowing towards sensitive areas - all nozzles can drift. Spray when breeze is gentle, steady, and blowing away from sensitive areas. “Dead calm” conditions are never recommended.

14. Determining wind direction: Compass Provide magnetic description Direction blowing from Into your face!

15. Drift Potential: High at Low Wind Speeds? Because: Light winds (0-3 mph) tend to be unpredictable and variable in direction. Calm and low wind conditions may indicate presence of a temperature inversion. Drift potential is lowest at wind speeds between 3 and 10 mph (gentle but steady breeze) blowing in a safe direction.

16. Wind Speeds: Spray Droplet Movement

17. Wind Speeds Gradients: The relation between height above the canopy of a crop like cotton or soybean and the speed of wind. 30 20 10 6 2 0 11 mph 10 mph 8 mph 7 mph 5 mph Height Above Crop Canopy, Feet

18. Wind Current Effects: Wind currents can drastically affect spray droplet deposition Structures drastically affect wind currents Wind breaks Tree lines and orchards Houses and barns Hills and valleys

19. Wind Patterns Near Treelines: Adapted from Survey of Climatology: Griffiths and Driscoll, Texas A&M University, 1982

20. Wind Patterns Around Buildings: Diagram of wind around a building. Adapted from Farm Structures* Ground * H.J. Barre and L.L. Sammet, Farm Structures (Wiley, 1959)

21. Wind Patterns Around Buildings: Diagram of Wind Around a Building Adapted From Farm Structures* Overhead View Wind * H.J. Barre and L.L. Sammet, Farm Structures (Wiley, 1959)

22. Determining wind speeds: Handheld devices Mechanical - floating ball, wind vane Electronic – spinning turbines In-the-field stations On-the-go stations

23. Handheld windmeters:

24. Weather stations with anemometers:

25. Weather station in use:

26. Enabling technology: GPS (Global Positioning System) Increased computing power in smaller packages Ability to transfer data to computers

27. On board weather instrumentation: Aventech Research Inc. Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System –AIMMS  AIMMS-10  AIMMS-20 Air flow probe 2 - measurement modules CPU (20 second updates) Wind speed and direction transmitted on-board Used and logged PDA software available for real time display of meteorological conditions. http://www.aventech.com

28. On board weather instrumentation:

29. www.ambientweather.com

30. www.specmeters.com

31. Web sites of interest: www.aventech.com www.ambientweather.com www.benmeadows.com www.brunton.com www.davisnet.com/weather/index.asp www.gemplers.com www.onlinemarine.com www.oregonscientific.com www.scientificsales.com/constat.htm www.specmeters.com www.westmarine.com Brand names appearing in this presentation are for identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.

32. Under normal conditions air tends to rise and mix with the air above. Droplets will disperse and will usually not cause problems. Normal Temperature Profile Altitude Cooler Warmer Temperature decreases with height Increasing Temperature Inversions:

33. Under these conditions the temperature increases as you move upward. This prevents air from mixing with the air above it. This causes small suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud which can move in unpredictable directions. Temperature Inversion Altitude Temperature increases with height Warm Air Cool Air Increasing Temperature Temperature Inversions:

34. Courtesy – George Ramsay, Dupont

35. Recognizing Inversions: Under clear to partly cloudy skies and light winds, a surface inversion can form as the sun sets. Under these conditions, a surface inversion will continue into the morning until the sun begins to heat the ground.

36. Precautions for Inversions: Surface inversions are common. Be especially careful near sunset and an hour or so after sunrise, unless… There is low heavy cloud cover The wind speed is greater than 5-6 mph at ground level 5 degree temp rise after sun-up Use of a smoke bomb or smoke generator is recommended to identify inversion conditions.

37. Evaporation of Droplets: Wind High Relative Humidity Low Temperature Low Relative Humidity High Temperature Fall Distance

39. Strategies to Reduce Drift: Select nozzle to increase drop size Increase flow rates - higher application volumes Use lower pressures Use lower spray (boom) heights Avoid high application speeds/rapid speed changes Avoid adverse weather conditions High winds, light & variable winds, calm air Consider using buffer zones Consider using new technologies: drift reduction nozzles drift reduction additives shields, electrostatics, air-assist

40. Field Comparisons for Drift Reducing/Deposition Aid Tank Mixes

41. Materials and Methods: AT 502A (Hawkeye Flying Service) Drop booms CP-09 nozzles w/5° deflection Combination of.078 and.125 orifice settings 40 psi 150 mph ground speed by radar Cessna 188 Ag Husky (Rucker Flying Service) Ag Tips CP-03 w/30 degree deflection Combination of.078 and.125 orifice settings 26 psi 115 mph ground speed by radar Aircraft calibrated for 3 GPA

42. Participants in the Study: 1.41-A 2.Formula One 3.AMS 20/10 4.Border EG 250 5.Control 6.INT VWZ 7.Inplace 8.Garrco Exp-3 9.INT YAR 10.Border XTRA 8L 11. HM2005-C 12. HM0226 13. Liberate 14. Target LC 15. HM2052 16. INT HLA 17. HM 0230 18. Valid 19. Double Down 20 & 21. water United Suppliers Helena Chemical Garrco Loveland Wilber-Ellis Rosen’s Precision Labs SanAg

43. Collection Procedure for drift:

44. Final Rank – Horizontal @ 4.2 mph - AT

45. Final Rank – Horizontal @ 4.2 MPH - Cessna

46. Final Rank – Vertical @ 4.2 MPH - AT

47. Final Rank – Vertical @ 4.2 MPH - Cessna

48. Documentation – Recordkeeping: All certified applicators are required to maintain records of federally restricted use pesticide (RUP) applications.

49. Optional information ?????? Target pest(s) Size/density of pest Adjuvants Application method  Aerial, ground, chemigation, incorporation Special equipment details  Boom/nozzle, airplane, helicopter, banding  Droplet size, pressure Reentry time/date Environmental conditions – Actual  Wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity, time Pesticide Recordkeeping Requirements:

50. Why am I keeping all of this information? Refresh your memory Safety Better performance Demonstrate care and concern Stay ahead of the competition

51. Pesticide Recordkeeping Survey At-Program Recordkeeping Survey – Jan.–March 2002 number of attendees = 2,191 sample size = 826 sample is 38% of attendees Post-Program Recordkeeping Survey – August 2002 surveys mailed = 490 sample size = 155 response rate is 32% of mailed surveys Pesticide Education Program - Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss Washington State University

52. How do you measure wind speed? At ProgramPost Program do not measure4%5% anemometer 5% 4% local radio or tv station 6% 8% weather web site 6% 4% observe flag movement on flag pole 7%13% local weather station10%11% wind meter16%15% best estimate40%34% Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss – Washington State University-2002

53. What measure do you use for wind speed? Use words: calm, gusty, variable  At Program38%  Post Program33% In miles per hour (or feet per second)  At Program62%  Post Program67% Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss – Washington State University-2002

54. How do you measure wind direction? At ProgramPost Program do not measure 4%3% compass 5% 3% local radio or tv station 4% 6% local weather station 6%10% dust and best estimate 9%12% flag or flagging tape13%14% best estimate44%36% Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss – Washington State University-2002

55. What measure do you use for wind direction? general direction (S, SSW, ESE, W)  At Program94%  Post Program97% compass reading (172˚)  At Program6%  Post Program3% Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss – Washington State University-2002

56. How do you measure temperature? At ProgramPost Program do not measure 2% other 3% 5% internet weather web site 5% best estimate19% 8% local weather station18%26% thermometer/anemometer53%54% Carol Ramsay and Carrie Foss – Washington State University-2002

57. In Conclusion: Minimizing spray drift is in the best interests of everyone. Do your part to keep applications on target.

58. Disclaimer: Brand names appearing in this presentation are for identification and illustration purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.

59. www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/ T hanks! For more information contact: rewolf@ksu.edu