1. Vicki Childers National Geodetic Survey GRAV-D: The Gravity for the Re- definition of the American Vertical Datum ACSM 2009 Workshop

2. Mission: To define, maintain and provide access to the National Spatial Reference System to meet our nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs Primary challenge: to establish and maintain a sufficiently accurate Vertical Reference System to: –Support the surveying community –Predict storm surge and tsunami inundation –Predict riverine and estuary flooding –Monitor sea level rise and the impacts of climate change –Land uplift/subsidence (tectonics, glacial rebound) –Monitor shoreline erosion

3. Vertical Reference System: Two Critical Aspects 1.Vertical datum: A reference surface where elevation = zero 2.Heights: How they are calculated above the reference surface "topographic map." Online Art. Britannica Student Encyclopædia. 17 Dec. 2008 http://student.britannica.com/ebi/art-53199

4. Ellipsoidal Reference Surface Ellipsoid of revolution that best fits the shape of the Earth Smooth, geometric surface Reference frame used by GPS http://original.britannica.com/eb/art-1159/Elements-of-a-reference-ellipsoid

5. Ellipsoid Height (h) The distance along the ellipsoidal normal from some ellipsoid up to the point of interest h h Earth’s Surface An Ellipsoid (Shape and location are mathematical abstractions) Another Ellipsoid (Shape and location are mathematical abstractions)

6. But the Earth is not smooth! Earth and its gravity field are bumpy Water flows downhill with respect to gravity Vertical datum must reflect the variable gravity field

7. Water Follows the Gravity Field CLS-01 Mean Sea Surface (1993-99) http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/ 7 years T/P, 5 years ERS, 2 years Geosat Water will orient itself to the gravity field Will assume a lowest energy state The lowest energy state will correspond to an “equipotential surface” of the gravity field

8. Gravity-Based Reference Surface The geoid: one that best fits global mean sea level in the least squares sense W=W 1 =Constant W=W 2 =Constant W=W 3 =Constant W=W 4 =Constant W=W 0 =Constant Surface of equal gravitational potential

9. Orthometric Height (H) The distance along the plumb line from the geoid up to the point of interest H Earth’s Surface The Geoid

10. The distance along the ellipsoidal normal from some ellipsoid up to the geoid Can We Relate Ellipsoidal Height And Orthometric Height? Geoid Undulation (N) h H N Geoid A chosen Ellipsoid H ≈ h-N h = ellipsoidal height H = orthometric height

11. US Vertical Datum – History (Orthometric Heights) 1807 – 1996 –Defined and Accessed – Leveling/Passive Marks –Currently: North American Vertical Datum 1988 –NAVD 88: 600,000+ Marks NGS detects hundreds moved/destroyed every year How many go undetected? –Post-Glacial-Rebound, Subsidence, Tectonics, Frost-Heave – lots of motion out there!

12. Why isn’t NAVD 88 good enough anymore? NAVD 88 H=0 level is known not to be the geoid –50 cm average bias, 1 m tilt across CONUS –1-2 m bias in AK Leveling the country again is impractical –Too costly in time and money –Leveling yields cross-country error build-up –Leveling requires leaving behind marks which are impermanent

13. Official NGS policy: –Re-define the US Vertical Datum by creating a new gravimetric geoid –10 year program Two Major Program Elements –Airborne Gravity “Snapshot” for Baseline –Long Term Monitoring of Temporal Changes Projected program cost: $38.5M over 10 years Q: What is GRAV-D?

14. Ship gravity Terrestrial gravity New Orleans 20-100 km gravity gaps along coast

15. GRAV-D 1: Airborne Gravity Baseline Conduct airborne surveys over all of US and its holdings in established priority order –High-altitude: 35,000 ft (~10 km) –Nominal speed: 280 kts (519 km/hr) –Line spacing: 10 km data 40 km cross Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands 10 km data line spacing 40 km cross line

16. Airborne Gravity Baseline New absolute and relative terrestrial measurements for gravity ties Absolute and relative land surveys to ground truth areas of mismatch with historic data

17. Gravity Survey Plan Testing Phase Alabama Survey (Jan ‘08) Test of flight altitudes, speeds, line spacing for best accuracy for cost Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands (Jan ’09) Test area for proof of concept to define vertical datum from GPS + gravimetric geoid Phase 1a Phase 1b

18. Phase II: Airborne Survey Plan Order of Priority Coastal Alaska

19. Southern Alaska

20. Eastern Seaboard, Great Lakes, and Gulf of Mexico

21. Pacific Coast

22. Hawaii and Pacific Islands

23. Aleutian Islands

24. Continental US

25. Northern Alaska

26. GRAV-D 2: Monitor Temporal Change Monitor gravity changes in regions of rapid vertical elevation change Periodic update of the gravity field and geoid

27. How to Monitor Temporal Change Track low degree-order gravity changes with GRACE and satellite laser ranging Maintain networks of absolute and relative gravity measured in areas of most rapid change Convert to geoid changes over time Use with tracked GPS stations (CORS) to get orthometric height changes over time

28. Anchorage Surveys of Opportunity: Alaska Survey flown out of Anchorage, AK over NOAA’s Hydropalooza Area in July, 2008 400km x 500km region covered in ~100 flight hours Funded out of internal money Free-air anomaly

29. Surveys of Opportunity: Gulf Coast Extends west from 2006 survey 400km x 360km region covered in 85 flight hours in Oct/Nov ‘08 Will continue in Feb to Mexican border Funded by USACE Free-air anomaly New Orleans

30. Gulf Coast Aerogravity GLS06 LA08 Despite different color bar, contours show that new data match nicely with 2006 survey flown with Naval Research Lab

31. Puerto Rico / US Virgin Islands Survey 2009 Flown in January in 100 flight hours Completes our second test survey for the GRAV-D plan -260 -220 -180 -140 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

32. Texas Survey Survey resumes next week Working from Lake Charles, LA and Austin, TX 100 flight hours Coverage complete from the AL/GA state line to the Mexican border

33. Next Steps Seeking funding / partnerships –MOU letters to Other Federal Agencies –States –Industry Partners –University Researchers FY 2010 –GRAV-D project funding request at OMB level –Uncertain funding with new administration 2011 –Expected line item funding

34. Benefits to the Nation Establish an accurate vertical reference surface for all maps and GIS products Help to establish and maintain infrastructure in regions of possible flooding Enable better prediction of inundation from storm surges, tsunamis, and interior flooding Better able to monitor “effective” sea level change along coastlines Better monitor shoreline erosion Help to predict effects of climate change for coastal communities