1. Toni Morrison, Beloved & the legacy of slavery

2. Redefining African American Identity
Born Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, in 1931
Family part of great 20th century migration of African Americans away from the oppression of the Jim Crow south to northern cities.
Important in the rise of African American literature and studies, both as teacher at Howard University and as an editor at Random house
Her work has helped redefine African American identity and experience.

3. Her Body of Work
Morrison has won the National Book Award, a Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature for a body of work that includes.
Tar Baby, 1981
Beloved, 1987
Jazz, 1992
Paradise, 1999
The Bluest Eye, 1969
Love, 2003
Sula, 1974
A Mercy, 2008
Song of Solomon, 1977

4. America & the Scars of Slavery
Though Morrison’s work has focused on black experience, and particularly on the experience of Black women, she long avoided subject of slavery.
Considered taboo within her own family and culture. Too big, too traumatic, too embittering, too hard to face.
Morrison has said that America too has willfully repressed the memory and shame of slavery, leaving the millions of slavery’s victims “disremembered and unaccounted for.”
But the “ghosts of the dead,” as she refers to the millions lost to slavery, “haunted” her. Then Beloved appeared to her “out of the water” demanding—along with all she represented—to be known and accounted for.
No monuments exits in America to honor and commemorate those enslaved. Morrison believes literature must be their memorial.

5. Slavery in America:
In 17th Century Colonial America, slavery included white indentured servants, Native Americans, and African Slaves.
Laws passed that differentiated between the groups, and removed all legal protection and human rights for African Slaves.
The cotton and tobacco trade explodes in the American South, bringing with it an insatiable need for cheap, forced labor.
African slave trade: Mass captures and kidnapping—millions brought across the Middle Passage to the Americas.

6. An Unprecedented Brutality
In its scale and scope, slavery in 18th Century America becomes a soul-destroying brutality unprecedented in human history. Four million slaves.
Slavery became a life sentence.
Worse yet, it became generational
Young women valued as breeding stock.
Families scattered and broken.
Loss of children, confiscated from mothers and sold at auction, became the hardest burden of all to bear.
Hundreds of thousands risked all to escape to North.

7. A couple of relevant particulars
The Middle Passage g/wiki/Middle_Passag e
The Fugitive Slave Acts, and their effects
The Ohio River and Cincinnati, Ohio.

8. Back to Morrison & Beloved
Beloved her masterpiece. Chosen in 2000 as the most important novel of the 20th century in America.
Importance in terms of themes, stylistic innovations and national identity.
Haunted by ghosts of slavery’s past—lost to history, without identity, memory, human dignity.
Beloved appears to Morrison “out of the water,” representing the “needy dead” and their need to be known. (Read excerpt from Forward)
To forget is to deny their humanity of the slaves—lost and forgotten to history--a second time. Morrison wants to restore their identity, humanity, and past.
To remember is to love our country and our past more fully.

9. Morrison America & Slavery
“There are no monuments to slavery.” We have chosen to turn away and forget, once again denying the humanity, dignity and identity of the enslaved. Literature must be their monument and collective memory
Loving our country full means coming to terms with all of its past and heritage. To honor and remember the victims of slavery grants them their humanity and enriches our country.
Morrison creates a kind of collective memory/consciousness of slavery and the slave experience.

10. Ways of reading the novel
As a ghost story; a story about the haunting legacy of slavery on America
As a slave narrative—the brutalities and inhumanities of slavery from the intimate perspective of the enslaved
As a novel about motherhood and the intensity and complexity of maternal love and relationships
As a novel about love and relationships
As a novel about memory and history
As a novel about dealing with a traumatic past and trying to build a better future: Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome on both personal and national level.

11. Literary techniques to watch for
Nonlinear structure: Interweaving of past and present in ways that go far beyond conventional use of flashbacks in literature.
Biblical allusions and religious overtones
Gothic novel re-imagined; ghosts and thesupernatural
Symbols & motifs
Multiple, shifting narrative voices & points of view
Strange sort of collective consciousness or memory

12. Sources
“The Writer’s Almanac,” Garrison Keillor, American Public Radio
Yale-New Haven Teacher’s Instititue, “This Is Not a Story to Pass On”: Teaching Toni Morrison’s Beloved, by Sophie Bell
“Toni Morrison’s Beloved,” by Pauls Harijs Toutonghi, from American Writers Classics, Vol. 2.
“The History of Slavery in America”:
“Slavery and the Making of America.” PBS.