1. Implementation and follow up Critically important but relatively neglected stages of EIA process Surveillance, monitoring, auditing, evaluation and other tools allow for assessment and review of the effects of the proposal Without proper implementation and follow- up to decision making, EIA becomes a paper exercise to secure an approval rather than a practical exercise to achieve environmental benefits

2. Aims of EIA Implementation and follow up Carry out conditions of approval Ensure they are work effectively Ensure they are work effectively Verify impacts are as predicted or permitted Take action to manage unforeseen changes Optimize environmental benefits Improve EIA practice in future

3. What is required? What is required? - Identify the scope and components - Identify the scope and components Who will carry out the activities? - specify roles and responsibilities - specify roles and responsibilities How will these be implemented? - Allocate resources, define procedures and arrangements - Allocate resources, define procedures and arrangements Aspects to consider in design of EIA implementation and follow up

4. Establish baseline conditions Measure actual impacts and trends Verify they comply with agreed conditions Facilitate impact management Determine the accuracy of impact prediction Review mitigation measures effectiveness Monitoring is used to

5. Monitoring involves generating, collecting, analyzing and evaluating data. Suitable baseline (pre- project) data must also be available

6. Factors to be incorporated in monitoring system  Responsibilities clearly spelled out and agreed to in advance for:  Conducting and paying for monitoring activities  Changing monitoring requirements over time  Acting on monitoring results

7. Monitoring Requirements  What to measure  Where to measure  When to measure  How to measure  Evaluation of methods to be used  Additional information required

8. Example of monitoring programme FrequencyParameter WeeklypH WeeklyDO MonthlyBOD MonthlyCOD Monthly NO 3 MonthlySM MonthlyTurbidity Twice a year Plankton E.coli

9. Environmental Auditing  It is a review process similar to that carried out in financial accounting.  Both results in a statement of facts, which certifies that practice is (or is not) in accordance with standard procedure.  Added level of interpretation focusing on the factors of performance.  Identify how the aspects, processes or systems under review can be improved.

10. Main techniques for conducting an environmental audit  Examination of records and documentation relating to impacts, actions taken to manage them and aspects of performance  Interview with management and line staff to confirm factual information  Site inspection to that environmental measures and controls are operating as described and intended.

11. Strategic Impact Assessment  A formal process of systematic analysis of the environmental effects of development policies, plans and programmes  The process extends the aims and principles of EIA upstream in the decision-making process, beyond the project level and when major alternatives are still open

12. Why SEA Important  EIA of projects insufficient by itself  Effects of stratyegic decidiond not addreseed  Gets at sources of env impacts  Responds to susutainable development agends

13. Areas subject to SEA  Sector-specific policy, plans and programmes  Spatial and land use plans  Regional development programmes  Natural resources management strategies  Legislative and regulatory bills  Investment and lending activities  International aid and development assistant

14. Guiding principles for SEA  Fit-for – purpose : customize to decision-making  Objective-led: identify environmental goals and priorities  Sustainability-driven: ensure proposal promotes sustainable development  Comprehensive scope: cover policies, plans & programmes  Decision-relevant: focus on issues that matter  Integrated: Includes social, health effects  Transparent: clear, easy to understand requirements

15. Guiding principles for SEA  Participative: provide for public information and involvement  Accountable: implement fairly, impartially & professionall  Cost-effective: meets objectives within time and budget limits

16. Operational rules  Begin as early as practicable  Purpose is to inform decision not produce a study  Provide the right information at the right time  Focus on comparison of major alternatives  Carry out an appropriate level and type of analysis  Use the simplest procedures and methods consistent with the task  Try to gain environmental benefits as well as avoid adverse impacts  Review and document the outcomes of the SEA process

17. Some comparisons between EIA & SEA EIASEA Conducted for projects Takes place at end of decision-making cycle Reactive approach to development proposal Identifies specific impacts on the environment Considers limited number of feasible alternatives Limited review of cumulative effects Emphasis on mitigating and minimizing impacts Narrow perspective, high level of detail Well-defined process, clear beginning and end Focuses on standard agenda Treat symptoms of environmental deterioration Responsibility and finance of proponent