1. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Chapter 6 The Periodic Table 6.1 Organizing the Elements 6.2 Classifying the Elements 6.3 Periodic Trends

2. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. What can you learn about each element from the periodic table? CHEMISTRY & YOU Your ID contains information specific to you, such as your name, address, height, eye color, and weight.

3. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Reading the Periodic Table What information can be displayed in a periodic table? Reading the Periodic Table

4. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The periodic table usually displays the symbols and names of the elements, along with information about the structure of their atoms. Reading the Periodic Table * Each periodic table can contain more or less information depending on the publisher of the table.

5. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Reading the Periodic Table This figure shows one square from a detailed periodic table of the elements. In the center is the symbol. The atomic number is above the symbol. The element name and atomic mass are below the symbol.

6. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Reading the Periodic Table This figure shows one square from a detailed periodic table of the elements. The vertical column with numbers 2, 8, and 3, indicate the number of electrons in each occupied energy level of the atom.

7. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. If the symbol is printed in black it is a solid at room temperature. Reading the Periodic Table

8. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The symbols for gases are in red. The symbols for the two elements that are liquids at room temperature, mercury and bromine, are in blue. Reading the Periodic Table

9. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The symbols for some elements are in gray. These elements are not found in nature. * these are synthetic or made in a laboratory. Reading the Periodic Table

10. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The box colors are used to distinguish groups of elements in the periodic table. Reading the Periodic Table Two shades of orange are used for the metals in Groups 1 (1A) and 2 (2A). –The elements in Group 1 are called alkali metals.

11. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The box colors are used to distinguish groups of elements in the periodic table. Reading the Periodic Table Two shades of orange are used for the metals in Groups 1 (1A) and 2 (2A). –The elements in Group 1 are called alkali metals. –The elements in Group 2 are called alkaline earth metals.

12. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Some groups of nonmetals also have names. Reading the Periodic Table The nonmetals of Group 17 (7A) are called halogens.

13. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Some groups of nonmetals also have names. Reading the Periodic Table The nonmetals of Group 17 (7A) are called halogens. –The name halogen comes from the combination of the Greek work hals, meaning “salt” and the Latin word genesis, meaning “to be born.”

14. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The elements in Group 18 (8A) of the periodic table are called the noble gases. These nonmetals are sometimes called the inert gases because they rarely take part in a reaction. The noble gases neon and argon produce the colors in this neon sign. Reading the Periodic Table

15. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Using Figure 6.9 in your textbook, identify the element symbol, atomic number, state of matter and atomic mass for the element silver.

16. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Using Figure 6.9 in your textbook, identify the element symbol, atomic number, state of matter and atomic mass for the element silver. Element symbol: Ag; atomic number: 47; state of matter: solid; atomic mass: 107.87 amu

17. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups How can elements be classified based on electron configurations? Electron Configurations in Groups

18. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electrons play a key role in determining the properties of elements. There is a connection between an element’s electron configuration and its location in the periodic table. Electron Configurations in Groups Elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations.

19. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Electron configurations for the first four noble gases in Group 18 (8A) are listed. The Noble Gases Helium (He)1s21s2 Neon (Ne)1s22s22p61s22s22p6 Argon (Ar)1s22s22p63s23p61s22s22p63s23p6 Krypton (Kr)1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6

20. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups The s and p orbitals are completely filled with electrons — two electrons in the s and six electrons in the p which totals 8. The Noble Gases Ignoring HELIUM which does not contain a p orbital because it cannot fit in the smallest level. Helium (He)1s21s2 Neon (Ne)1s22s22p61s22s22p6 Argon (Ar)1s22s22p63s23p61s22s22p63s23p6 Krypton (Kr)1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 “ignore”

21. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups The Representative Elements This figure shows a portion of the periodic table containing Groups 1 (1A) through 17 (7A). Elements in Groups 1, 2 and 13 - 17 “the two towers” are referred to as the representative elements. They display a wide range of physical and chemical properties.

22. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups The Representative Elements Some elements are metals, some are nonmetals, and some are metalloids. Most of them are solids, but a few are gases at room temperature, and one, bromine, is a liquid.

23. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups For representative elements, the s and p orbitals of the highest energy (valence) level are NOT filled. The Representative Elements Lithium (Li)1s22s11s22s1 Sodium (Na)1s22s22p63s11s22s22p63s1 Potassium (K)1s22s22p63s23p64s11s22s22p63s23p64s1 In Group 1, there is only one electron in the valence level. –The electron is in an s sublevel.

24. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups The Representative Elements Carbon (C)1s22s22p21s22s22p2 Silicon (Si)1s22s22p63s23p21s22s22p63s23p2 Germanium (Ge)1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 2 For any representative element, its “A group” number equals the number of electrons in the valence level. In Group 14, there are four electrons in the valence level.

25. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements In the periodic table, the B group elements separate the A groups on the left side of the table from the A groups on the right side. Elements in the B groups are referred to as transition elements.

26. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements In the periodic table, the B group elements separate the A groups on the left side of the table from the A groups on the right side. Elements in the B groups are referred to as transition elements. There are two types of transition elements: transition metals and inner transition metals. –They are classified based on their electron configurations.

27. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The transition metals are the Group B elements that are usually displayed in the main body of a periodic table. Copper, silver, gold, and iron are transition metals.

28. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The transition metals are the Group B elements that are usually displayed in the main body of a periodic table. Copper, silver, gold, and iron are transition metals. These elements are characterized by the presence of electrons in d orbitals.

29. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The transition metals are the Group B elements that are usually displayed in the main body of a periodic table. Copper, silver, gold, and iron are transition metals. These elements are characterized by the presence of electrons in d orbitals. In transition metals, the highest occupied s orbital and a nearby d orbital contain electrons.

30. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The inner transition metals are the elements that appear below the main body of the periodic table.

31. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The inner transition metals are the elements that appear below the main body of the periodic table. The inner transition metals are characterized by the presence of electrons in f orbitals.

32. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements The inner transition metals are the elements that appear below the main body of the periodic table. The inner transition metals are characterized by the presence of electrons in f orbitals. In these elements, the highest occupied s orbital and a nearby f orbital generally contain electrons.

33. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements Before scientists knew much about inner transition metals, people referred to them as rare-earth elements. This name is misleading because some inner transition metals are more abundant than other elements.

34. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Transition Elements Before scientists knew much about inner transition metals, people referred to them as rare-earth elements. This name is misleading because some inner transition metals are more abundant than other elements. Notice that some of the inner transition metals are not found in nature. –These elements were prepared in laboratories.

35. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. What can you learn about each element from the periodic table?

36. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. What can you learn about each element from the periodic table? You can learn an element’s name, its symbol, its atomic number, its atomic mass, and the number of electrons in each energy level (its electron configuration).

37. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements The periodic table is divided into sections, or blocks, that correspond to the highest occupied sublevels.

38. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements The s block contains the elements in Groups 1 (1A) and 2 (2A) and the noble gas helium.

39. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements The p block contains the elements in Groups 13 – 18 (3A – 8A), with the exception of helium.

40. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements The transition metals belong to the d block, and the inner transition metals belong to the f block.

41. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements Each period on the periodic table corresponds to a principal energy level.

42. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements Suppose an element is located in Period 3. You know that the s and p orbits in energy levels 1 and 2 are filled with electrons. You then read across Period 3 from left to right to complete the configuration (aufbau principle).

43. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Electron Configurations in Groups Blocks of Elements Suppose an element is located in Period 6. For transition elements, electrons are added to a d orbital with a principal energy level that is one less than the period number. For the inner transition metals, the principal energy level of the f orbital is two less than the period number. This procedure gives the correct electron configuration for most atoms.

44. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Use Figure 6.9 (on pages 168 and 169 in your textbook) and Figure 6.13 on page 172 in your textbook to write the electron configuration for cobalt (Co). Sample Problem Using Energy Sublevels to Write Electron Configurations

45. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. For all elements, the atomic number is equal to the total number of electrons. For a representative element, the highest occupied energy level is the same as the number of the period in which the element is located. You can tell how many electrons are in this energy level from the group in which the element is located. Sample Problem Analyze Identify the relevant concepts. 1

46. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Use Figure 6.9 to identify where the atom is in the periodic table and the number of electrons in the atom. Cobalt is located in the fourth period and has 27 electrons. Sample Problem Calculate Apply the concepts to this problem. 2

47. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Use Figure 6.13 to determine the electron configuration. In cobalt, the first three energy levels are full, so the configuration begins with 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6. Sample Problem Calculate Apply the concepts to this problem. 2

48. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Use Figure 6.13 to determine the electron configuration. In cobalt, the first three energy levels are full, so the configuration begins with 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6. Next is 4s 2 and 3d 7. Sample Problem Calculate Apply the concepts to this problem. 2

49. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 49 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. Use Figure 6.13 to determine the electron configuration. In nickel, the first three energy levels are full, so the configuration begins with 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6. Next is 4s 2 and 3d 7. Put it all together: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 7. Sample Problem Calculate Apply the concepts to this problem. 2

50. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. What does the period an element is located in tell you about that element’s electron configuration? What does the group tell you?

51. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. What does the period an element is located in tell you about that element’s electron configuration? What does the group tell you? The period tells you the highest occupied principal energy level. The group number is equal to the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy (valence) level.

52. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 52 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. The periodic table usually displays the symbols and names of elements, along with information about the structure of their atoms. Elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations. Key Concepts

53. 6.2 Classifying the Elements > 53 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.. END OF 6.2