1. Freshwater and Society Module 1, part C

2. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s2 Water quality degradation http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/casa/california.html http://lakeaccess.org/lakedata/lawnfertilizer/studydesign.htm http://www.epa.gov/region09/features/animalwaste/images/fish.jpg http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/pubs/vgl/medium/168.jpg

3. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s3  Beneficial uses:  Aquatic life and wildlife support  Fish/shellfish consumption  Drinking water supply  Recreation  Agriculture Water quality degradation http://drinkingwater.utah.gov/

4. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s4 Water quality designations  Fully supporting overall use  Threatened overall use  Partially supporting overall use  Not supporting overall use  Not attainable http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/glwqa/usdomestic/slide5.html

5. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s5  The Clean Water Act of 1972 established means by which states and tribal governments report assessed water quality to the EPA  Rivers  Lakes – not including Great Lakes  Estuaries  Great Lakes shoreline waters  Ocean shoreline waters  Coral reefs Water quality designations http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/cta/ctasummary.html

6. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s6 Causes of water quality degradation Rivers & Streams Lakes, Ponds & Reservoirs Estuaries PathogensNutrients Metals (primarily mercury) Siltation (Sedimentation) Metals (primarily mercury) Pesticides Habitat Alterations Siltation (Sedimentation) O 2 -depleting substances

7. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s7 Sources of water quality degradation Rivers & Streams Lakes, Ponds & Reservoirs Estuaries Agriculture Municipal Point Sources Hydrologic Modifications Urban Runoff/ Storm Sewers Habitat Modifications Urban Runoff/ Storm Sewers Industrial discharges

8. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s8  19% of total river miles in the U.S. assessed  39% of assessed miles identified as impaired Water quality degradation: Assessed river miles Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

9. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s9 Water quality degradation: River use support

10. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s10  Percentage of assessed river miles impaired by leading pollutants or stressors:  (39% or 269,258 miles impaired) Water quality degradation: River stressors Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

11. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s11  Percentage of assessed river miles impaired by specific sources  (39% or 269,258 miles impaired) Water quality degradation: River pollutant sources Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

12. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s12  43% of lake acres assessed  45% of assessed acres identified as impaired Water quality degradation: Assessed lake acres Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

13. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s13 Water quality degradation: Lake use support Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

14. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s14  Percentage of assessed lake acres impaired by pollutants  (45% or 7.7 million acres impaired) Water quality degradation: Lake pollutants Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

15. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s15  Percentage of assessed lake acres impaired by specific sources  (45% or 7.7 million acres impaired) Water quality degradation: lake pollutant sources Source: Based on 2000 state Section 305(b) reports.

16. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s16 Water quality: Assessments problems  Not all bodies of water are assessed  Only a small percentage per year  Supposedly all within a 5 to 10 year window

17. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s17 Water quality: Assessments problems  Intermittent and small tributaries are either not assessed or are very infrequently measured  States tend to focus on known problems  Random surveys are rare  States have varying standards  Concentration on 2 of 6 use supports  Fish advisories not included

18. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s18  What is it? Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1994/ 102-9/focusnonpoint.JPG

19. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s19 Nonpoint source pollution: What is it? ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1994/ 102-9/focusnonpoint.JPG

20. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s20 NPS pollution: Characteristics  Occurs over extensive areas  Enters receiving water in a diffuse manner  Carried by water over land or through soil profile to receiving water  Difficult to trace to point of origin  Magnitude related to climatic events http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/watersheds/green/img/Green-River-Flooding-1995.jpg

21. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s21 NPS pollution: Sources of pollutants

22. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s22 NPS pollution: Impact from leading stressors

23. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s23 NPS pollution: Urban storm water  From streets, yards, buildings, and construction sites  Grease, salts, animal wastes, nutrients, sediments, lead, others http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/News/ParkingClosed.jpg http://www.planthealth.gov.mt/pest03.JPG http://lakeaccess.org/l akedata/lawnfertilizer/ studydesign.htm http://www.mqtinfo.org/media/planningeduc/runoff_1.jpg

24. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s24 NPS pollution  Agricultural  Nutrients, sediment, pesticides, herbicides http://www.usda.gov/oc/photo/b93c3671.jpg http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/images/wu108f08.jpg http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/biotechnology/Images/b94c3886.jpg http://www.iird.vic.gov.au/Web/ORR/ORR.nsf/ImageLooku p/Graphics4/$file/spraying.gif http://pwa.ars.usda.gov/pendleton/cpcrc/snowmelt.gif

25. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s25 NPS pollution  Forestry / Logging  Sediments  Pesticides http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/landslid/plate3.jpg logged http://www.nps.gov/jofl/resourc es/connie200x150.jpg

26. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s26 NPS pollution  Mining  Sediments  Drainage waters with low pH  Heavy metals and other hazardous mineral http://www.algor.com/news_pub/cust_app/Colorado_Mines/images%5Cosmre-gov-photo147.jpg

27. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s27 NPS pollution  Atmospheric deposition  Carbon dioxide - acid rain  Pesticides, herbicides  Sediment  Mercury, PCBs, others

28. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s28 NPS pollution: Impacts on ecosystem  Impacts ecosystem integrity  Human health  Good water supply  Healthy fish and wildlife populations  Diverse recreational opportunities

29. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s29  Types of effects  Eutrophication  Temperature increase  Loss of habitat for breading population  Loss of esthetic value NPS pollution: Effects on water quality http://sacramento.fws.gov/hc/graphics/salmon_sac.jpghttp://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/reports/wrir.00-4177.cover.jpg

30. Developed by: Updated: 8-2003 U?-m1c-s30  What can be done to manage the problem? Nonpoint source pollution: NPS