2. a)Millions of immigrants were lured by the promise of a better life. b) sought to escape famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution.

3. a) Many immigrants traveled in steerage, the ship's cargo hold b) Conditions: Rarely allowed on deck, crowded no fresh air. louse-infested bunks disease spread quickly, many died

4. a)East Coast- Ellis Island: Mainly European Immigrants b)West Coast- Angel Island: Mainly Asian Immigrants c)They had to pass a health inspection d) About 20 percent were detained e)about 2 percent of those were denied entry.

5. a) Many immigrants sought out their own people b)The ethnic communities were life rafts for immigrants. c)The Americanization movement: assimilate wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture. d) Associations taught immigrants skills needed for citizenship e) Immigrants were taught ways of native-born Americans.

6. a)Nativism-favoritism toward native-born Americans. b)gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions.

7. a)These nativists wanted immigrants from Western and Northern Europe b)Thought that problems were caused by immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe c)The increase of immigration from these undesirable countries caused increased social tension.

8. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. In 1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely

9. a)Anti-Chinese agitation were extended to Japanese and other Asian people in the early 1900s. b)In 1906, San Francisco segregated Japanese children in school c)Japan raised an angry protest d)President Theodore Roosevelt worked out a deal. e)Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907–1908, Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers in exchange for the repeal of school segregation.

10. a)Urbanization: or growth of cities, mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest. b)Most of the immigrants became city dwellers because: cheapest c)convenient d)offered unskilled laborers steady jobs in mills and factories.

11. Apartment buildings: with two or three families occupying a one- family residence., were overcrowded and unsanitary. garbage was picked up infrequently. To keep out the stench, residents nailed windows shut. Many slept on the roof for fresh air- some fell to their deaths from overcrowded rooftops.

12. a)Horse manure piled up on the streets b)sewage flowed through open gutters c)factories spewed foul smoke into the air. d)people dumped garbage on the streets.

13. a)Preached salvation through service to the poor. b)Reformers responded to the call to help the urban poor

14. a. Settlement Houses- community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. b. Jane Addams–one of the most influential members of the movement founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889. c. The settlement houses hoped to assimilate immigrants into American culture. 13. Settlement Houses

15. a.THE POLITICAL MACHINE- an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. b.Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. 14. Political Machine? 14. Political Machine?

16. a.Local precinct workers and captains- gain voters' support on a city block or in a neighborhood. b.The Ward Boss- secure the vote in all the precincts or electoral district. Helped the poor immigrants and gained their votes by doing favors or providing services. c.The City Boss- at the top, controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city. * The Goal- elect their candidates and guarantee the success of the machine. Precinct Captain Ward Boss Precinct Captain Ward Boss Precinct Captain Ward Boss City Boss Political Candidate Precinct Captain 15. The Structure of a Political Machine?

17. a. Graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. b. Politicians were able to get away with shady dealings because the police were controlled by the political bosses. 16. A Graft

18. a.Patronage- giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected b.Government employees were not qualified for the positions they filled. c.Civil Service – should go to the most qualified persons. 17. Patronage

19. a.Pendleton Civil Service Act- make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates' performance on an examination. b.Employees were no longer a source of campaign contributions, politicians turned to wealthy business owners. The alliance between government and big business became stronger than ever. 18. Pendleton Civil Service Act