1. MAYO

2. Europe in 1919

4. From the German Point of View  Lost—but not forgotten country.  Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

5. Maimed German WW I Veteran

6. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Disgruntled German WWI veterans

7. German “Revolutions” [1918]

8. German Freikorps

9. Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic

10. The German Government: 1919-1920

11. The German Mark

13. The French in the Ruhr: 1923

14. The French Occupation of the Ruhr

15. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

16. The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

17. Hitler in Landesberg Prison

18. Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

19. European Debts to the United States

20. The Dawes Plan (1924)

21. The Young Plan (1930) For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

22. Weimar Germany: Political Representation [1920-1933] Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 624554778910081 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 100131153143133121120 Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 81887887979093 Nationalist Party (DNVP) 9510373413752 Nazi Party (NSDAP) 321412107230196288 Other Parties 102112121122223523

23. Post War Europe Experiments of the 1920s

24. Revise, Revise, Revise Many countries began to demand revisions in the Treaty of Versailles Arrangements for reparations led to endless haggling over payments Some eastern European countries felt unfairly treated and wanted boundaries revisited (denied self-determination) Significant national minorities were an issue

25. France feared that provisions were not being enforced Domestic political turmoil resulted from these international calls for revision or enforcement

26. Economic Problems Europeans desired a return to the prosperity of 1914 IMPOSSIBLE to return to normalcy Loss of both producers and consumers as a result of horrifying death toll Europe was no longer financially dominant Deep in debt to each other and USA especially

27. Bolshevik government of the USSR repudiated the debt of the Russian gov. Heavy reparation burden on Germany USA did not seek reparations from Germany, but insisted on loan repayment from Britain and France Reparation and debt structure meant no nation controlled its own financial destiny

28. USA GERMANY Britain and France Investment Reparations Loan Repayment

29. Russia largely withdrew from European economic affairs New smaller states meant manufacturers were separated from raw materials USA and Japan emerged economically strong USA infiltrated European markets in Latin America and Asia

30. USSR Soviet Experiment Begins Concentration of power made USSR an enduring government from 1917 – 1991 Concentration of power made USSR an enduring government from 1917 – 1991 Communist party membership seldom exceeded 1% Communist party membership seldom exceeded 1% Soviet government sought to export revolution and communist ideology Soviet government sought to export revolution and communist ideology Fear of communism and its spread dominate USA and Western political and diplomatic concerns Fear of communism and its spread dominate USA and Western political and diplomatic concerns

31. War Communism Red Army allowed Bolsheviks to pursue authoritarian policies rapidly Red Army allowed Bolsheviks to pursue authoritarian policies rapidly “Dictatorship of the proletariat” “Dictatorship of the proletariat” Government confiscated and ran the banks, transportation system, industry Government confiscated and ran the banks, transportation system, industry Government confiscated grain from peasants to feed factory workers in cities Government confiscated grain from peasants to feed factory workers in cities Lenin was brutal in repressing ALL opposition, real or imagined Lenin was brutal in repressing ALL opposition, real or imagined

32. War communism aided the Red Army victory in the civil war War communism aided the Red Army victory in the civil war Allowed the revolution to survive Allowed the revolution to survive Once victory was secure however, many began to protest … workers strikes, peasant protests, Baltic fleet mutinied … red Army massacred thousands to crush dissent and revolt Once victory was secure however, many began to protest … workers strikes, peasant protests, Baltic fleet mutinied … red Army massacred thousands to crush dissent and revolt

33. NEP New Economic Policy New Economic Policy –Some private enterprise TEMPORARILY out of necessity –Peasants could farm for profit –Lenin believed peasantry held the key for lasting success –No consumer goods … doomed NEP to eventual failure

34. Lenin Has Left the Building Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922 Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922 He died in 1924 He died in 1924 This left a power vacuum This left a power vacuum Struggle for leadership was between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin Struggle for leadership was between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

35. Leon Trotsky Former head of Red Army Former head of Red Army Ruthless disciplinarian Ruthless disciplinarian Trotsky’s philosophy Trotsky’s philosophy –Rapid industrialization financed by agriculture –Farms should be collectivized –Peasants should pay for industrialization –Revolution MUST be exported

36. Leon Trotsky

37. Joseph Stalin Unlike Lenin and Trotsky, Joseph Stalin was born poor Unlike Lenin and Trotsky, Joseph Stalin was born poor He was less intellectual and internationalist in his outlook He was less intellectual and internationalist in his outlook Party General Secretary … amassed power by controlling party membership and promotion from within Party General Secretary … amassed power by controlling party membership and promotion from within He had bureaucratic skills He had bureaucratic skills

38. Stalin supported continuing NEP Stalin supported continuing NEP Stalin used Pravda (Communist Party newspaper) Stalin used Pravda (Communist Party newspaper) “Socialism in one country” “Socialism in one country” Nationalized revolution … made it patriotic by removing international element Nationalized revolution … made it patriotic by removing international element Used control over the Central Committee of the Communist party to edge out Trotsky Used control over the Central Committee of the Communist party to edge out Trotsky

39. Joseph Stalin

40. Be Gone Leon! Trotsky sent to Siberia 1927 Trotsky sent to Siberia 1927 Trotsky flees to Mexico in 1929 Trotsky flees to Mexico in 1929 1940 murdered by Soviet agent 1940 murdered by Soviet agent

42. The Soviet Union 1922 – Russia becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Soviet Union) 1922 – Russia becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Soviet Union) 1924-27 Stalin wins power struggle with Trotsky 1924-27 Stalin wins power struggle with Trotsky Communist dictatorship under Joseph Stalin Communist dictatorship under Joseph Stalin

43. Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of Soviet Union Communist dictator of Soviet Union Most brutal of all the dictators Most brutal of all the dictators Purged army officers (over 30,000 executed) Purged army officers (over 30,000 executed) Farm collectivization killed 13,000,000 peasants (mostly in Ukraine) Farm collectivization killed 13,000,000 peasants (mostly in Ukraine) Pogroms against Jews (deported, arrested, killed) Pogroms against Jews (deported, arrested, killed) Series of “5 year plans” industrialized USSR Series of “5 year plans” industrialized USSR Very, Very paranoid Very, Very paranoid

45. Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]

46. Benito Mussolini

47. Mussolini’s Rise to Power 1922 March on Rome Black shirts …thugs, secret police, violent storm troopers Mussolini becomes dictator First fascist government in Europe

48. Italian Fasces

49. March on Rome [1922]

50. Fascist Youth

52. France French voters were VERY conservative in the immediate post-war years Georges Clemanceau was defeated because … –French voters felt the Treaty of Versailles was too lenient –Failure of treaty to establish a separate Ruhr country as a buffer

53. France sought security from two main threats … –Germany and Soviet Union France was still very unstable and subject to extremism Between 1919 and 1933 France had 27 different cabinets running the government

54. French Leadership on the Continent NUMBER ONE CONCERN … enforce provision of the Treaty of Versailles Formation of collective security alliances to isolate Germany and protect French interests Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia … France eventually joined with these three and later signed an alliance with Poland

55. Poland and Romania were more concerned about Russia (USSR) than Germany All these new alliances alarmed the excluded powers (Germany and USSR) 1922 – economic conference at Genoa 1922 – Germany and USSR held their own conference at Rapallo –Treaty establishing economic relations … Also provisions for military training in USSR for German and Soviet Armies

56. Cooperation between Germany and USSR confirmed French fears and suspicions

58. Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929 Labour Party

59. Stanley Baldwin Conservative Party

61. The “New Napoleons?”