2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? We have to take in raw materials for metabolic reactions (rxns) cells tissues organs organ systems organelles molecules

3. Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Elements of Life Organic – contains C and H Inorganic – H2O, CO2, O2, and NH3 (ammonia)

4. Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of? 1. carbohydrates  sugars & starches 2. proteins 3. fats (lipids) 4. nucleic acids  DNA, RNA, ATP

5. Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for Growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP  Adenosine triphosphate ATP

6. Regents Biology What do we need to eat? (N)  Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy (R)  for building & running bodies 1.carbohydrates 2.proteins 3. fats 4. nucleic acids 5. Vitamins - enzymes 6. minerals, salts 7. water

7. Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O filled  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon AND hydrogen  Rest of you is made of protein and other organic molecules  organic molecules – contain C + H  carbohydrates  proteins  Fats (lipids)  nucleic acids Don’t forget water

8. Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules Water is removed to allow bonds to form = Dehydration Synthesis

9. Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from simple sugars Proteins = built from amino acids (20) Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – peptide bond

10. Regents Biology Why build large molecules?  Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  Growth  Reproduction + ATP ENZYMES R

11. Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion (N) or (R)  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for Synthesis & Growth  making energy (ATP)  for Synthesis, Growth & everyday functions (ERRT) + ATP ENZYMES