1. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama Strategic Management Competitiveness and Globalization: Concepts and Cases Michael A. Hitt R. Duane Ireland Robert E. Hoskisson Seventh edition S TRATEGIC M ANAGEMENT I NPUTS © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 2 The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Industry Competition, and Competitor Analysis

2. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–2 K NOWLEDGE O BJECTIVES 1.Explain the importance of analyzing and understanding the firm’s external environment. 2.Define and describe the general environment and the industry environment. 3.Discuss the four activities of the external environmental analysis process. 4.Name and describe the general environment’s six segments. 5.Identify the five competitive forces and explain how they determine an industry’s profit potential. Studying this chapter should provide you with the strategic management knowledge needed to:

3. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–3 K NOWLEDGE O BJECTIVES (cont’d) 6.Define strategic groups and describe their influence on the firm. 7.Describe what firms need to know about their competitors and different methods (including ethical standards) used to collect intelligence about them. Studying this chapter should provide you with the strategic management knowledge needed to:

4. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–4 FIGURE 2.1 The External Environment

5. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–5 TABLE 2.2 Components of the External Environmental Analysis Scanning Identifying early signals of environmental changes and trends Monitoring Detecting meaning through ongoing observations of environmental changes and trends ForecastingDeveloping projections of anticipated outcomes based on monitored changes and trends AssessingDetermining the timing and importance of environmental changes and trends for firms’ strategies and their management

6. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–6 External analysis monitoring forecastingassessing scanning

7. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–7 General Environment Dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it:Dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms within it:  Demographic  Economic  Political/legal  Sociocultural  Technological  Global

8. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–8 TABLE 2.1 The General Environment: Segments and Elements

9. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–9 Industry Environment The set of factors directly influencing a firm and its competitive actions and competitive responsesThe set of factors directly influencing a firm and its competitive actions and competitive responses  Threat of new entrants  Power of suppliers  Power of buyers  Threat of product substitutes  Intensity of rivalry among competitors

10. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–10 Competitor Analysis Gathering and interpreting information about all of the companies that the firm competes against.Gathering and interpreting information about all of the companies that the firm competes against. Understanding the firm’s competitor environment complements the insights provided by studying the general and industry environments.Understanding the firm’s competitor environment complements the insights provided by studying the general and industry environments.

11. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–11 Analysis of the External Environments General environmentGeneral environment  Focused on the future Industry environmentIndustry environment  Focused on factors and conditions influencing a firm’s profitability within an industry Competitor environmentCompetitor environment  Focused on predicting the dynamics of competitors’ actions, responses and intentions

12. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–12 Opportunities and Threats OpportunityOpportunity  A condition in the general environment that, if exploited, helps a company achieve strategic competitiveness. ThreatThreat  A condition in the general environment that may hinder a company’s efforts to achieve strategic competitiveness.

13. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–13 Segments of the General Environment The Demographic SegmentThe Demographic Segment  Population size  Age structure  Geographic distribution  Ethnic mix  Income distribution

14. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–14 Segments of the General Environment (cont’d) The Economic SegmentThe Economic Segment  Inflation rates  Interest rates  Trade deficits or surpluses  Budget deficits or surpluses  Personal savings rate  Business savings rates  Gross domestic product

15. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–15 Segments of the General Environment (cont’d) The Political/Legal SegmentThe Political/Legal Segment  Antitrust laws  Taxation laws  Deregulation philosophies  Labor training laws  Educational philosophies and policies

16. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–16 Segments of the General Environment (cont’d) The Sociocultural SegmentThe Sociocultural Segment  Women in the workplace  Workforce diversity  Attitudes about quality of worklife  Concerns about environment  Shifts in work and career preferences  Shifts in product and service preferences

17. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–17 Segments of the General Environment (cont’d) The Technological SegmentThe Technological Segment  Product innovations  Applications of knowledge  Focus of private and government-supported R&D expenditures  New communication technologies

18. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–18 Segments of the General Environment (cont’d) The Global SegmentThe Global Segment  Important political events  Critical global markets  Newly industrialized countries  Different cultural and institutional attributes

19. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–19 Industry Environment Analysis Industry DefinedIndustry Defined  A group of firms producing products that are close substitutes Firms that influence one anotherFirms that influence one another Includes a rich mix of competitive strategies that companies use in pursuing strategic competitiveness and above-average returnsIncludes a rich mix of competitive strategies that companies use in pursuing strategic competitiveness and above-average returns

20. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–20 FIGURE 2.2 The Five Forces of Competition Model

21. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–21 Threat of New Entrants: Barriers to Entry Economies of scaleEconomies of scale Product differentiationProduct differentiation Capital requirementsCapital requirements Switching costsSwitching costs Access to distribution channelsAccess to distribution channels Cost disadvantages independent of scaleCost disadvantages independent of scale Government policyGovernment policy Expected retaliationExpected retaliation

22. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–22 Barriers to Entry Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scale  Marginal improvements in efficiency that a firm experiences as it incrementally increases its size Factors (advantages and disadvantages) related to large- and small-scale entryFactors (advantages and disadvantages) related to large- and small-scale entry  Flexibility in pricing and market share  Costs related to scale economies  Competitor retaliation

23. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–23 Barriers to Entry (cont’d) Product differentiationProduct differentiation  Unique products  Customer loyalty  Products at competitive prices Capital RequirementsCapital Requirements  Physical facilities  Inventories  Marketing activities  Availability of capital Switching CostsSwitching Costs  One-time costs customers incur when they buy from a different supplier New equipmentNew equipment Retraining employeesRetraining employees Psychic costs of ending a relationshipPsychic costs of ending a relationship Access to Distribution ChannelsAccess to Distribution Channels  Stocking or shelf space  Price breaks  Cooperative advertising allowances

24. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–24 Barriers to Entry (cont’d) Cost Disadvantages Independent of ScaleCost Disadvantages Independent of Scale  Proprietary product technology  Favorable access to raw materials  Desirable locations Government policyGovernment policy  Licensing and permit requirements  Deregulation of industries Expected retaliationExpected retaliation  Responses by existing competitors may depend on a firm’s present stake in the industry (available business options)

25. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–25 Bargaining Power of Suppliers Supplier power increases when:Supplier power increases when:  Suppliers are large and few in number.  Suitable substitute products are not available.  Individual buyers are not large customers of suppliers and there are many of them.  Suppliers’ goods are critical to the buyers’ marketplace success.  Suppliers’ products create high switching costs.  Suppliers pose a threat to integrate forward into buyers’ industry.

26. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–26 Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyer power increases when:Buyer power increases when:  Buyers are large and few in number.  Buyers purchase a large portion of an industry’s total output.  Buyers’ purchases are a significant portion of a supplier’s annual revenues.  Buyers’ switching costs are low.  Buyers can pose threat to integrate backward into the sellers’ industry.

27. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–27 Threat of Substitute Products The threat of substitute products increases when:The threat of substitute products increases when:  Buyers face few switching costs.  The substitute product’s price is lower.  Substitute product’s quality and performance are equal to or greater than the existing product. Differentiated industry products that are valued by customers reduce this threat.Differentiated industry products that are valued by customers reduce this threat.

28. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–28 Intensity of Rivalry Among Competitors Industry rivalry increases when:Industry rivalry increases when:  There are numerous or equally balanced competitors.  Industry growth slows or declines.  There are high fixed costs or high storage costs.  There is a lack of differentiation opportunities or low switching costs.  When the strategic stakes are high.  When high exit barriers prevent competitors from leaving the industry.

29. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–29 Low entry barriers Interpreting Industry Analyses Unattractive Industry Suppliers and buyers have strong positions Strong threats from substitute products Intense rivalry among competitors Low profit potential

30. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–30 Interpreting Industry Analyses (cont’d) Attractive Industry High entry barriers Suppliers and buyers have weak positions Few threats from substitute products Moderate rivalry among competitors High profit potential

31. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–31 Strategic Groups Strategic Group DefinedStrategic Group Defined  A set of firms emphasizing similar strategic dimensions and using similar strategies Internal competition between strategic group firms is greater than between firms outside that strategic group.Internal competition between strategic group firms is greater than between firms outside that strategic group. There is more heterogeneity in the performance of firms within strategic groups.There is more heterogeneity in the performance of firms within strategic groups. –Similar market positions –Similar products –Similar strategic actions

32. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–32 STRATEGIC GROUPS

33. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–33

34. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–34 Strategic Groups Strategic DimensionsStrategic Dimensions  Extent of technological leadership  Product quality  Pricing Policies  Distribution channels  Customer service

35. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–35 Competitor Analysis Competitor IntelligenceCompetitor Intelligence  The ethical gathering of needed information and data that provides insight into: A competitor’s direction (future objectives)A competitor’s direction (future objectives) A competitor’s capabilities and intentions (current strategy)A competitor’s capabilities and intentions (current strategy) A competitor’s beliefs about the industry (its assumptions)A competitor’s beliefs about the industry (its assumptions) A competitor’s capabilitiesA competitor’s capabilities

36. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–36 FIGURE 2.2 Competitor Analysis Components

37. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–37 Competitor Analysis (cont’d) How do our goals compare with our competitors’ goals?How do our goals compare with our competitors’ goals? Where will the emphasis be placed in the future?Where will the emphasis be placed in the future? What is the attitude toward risk?What is the attitude toward risk? Future Objectives

38. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–38 Competitor Analysis (cont’d) How are we currently competing?How are we currently competing? Does this strategy support changes in the competitive structure?Does this strategy support changes in the competitive structure? Future Objectives Current Strategy

39. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–39 Competitor Analysis (cont’d) Do we assume the future will be volatile?Do we assume the future will be volatile? Are we operating under a status quo?Are we operating under a status quo? What assumptions do our competitors hold about the industry and themselves?What assumptions do our competitors hold about the industry and themselves? Future Objectives Current Strategy Assumptions

40. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–40 Competitor Analysis (cont’d) What are our strengths and weaknesses?What are our strengths and weaknesses? How do we rate compared to our competitors?How do we rate compared to our competitors? Future Objectives Current Strategy Assumptions Capabilities

41. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–41 Competitor Analysis (cont’d) What will our competitors do in the future?What will our competitors do in the future? Where do we hold an advantage over our competitors?Where do we hold an advantage over our competitors? How will this change our relationship with our competitors?How will this change our relationship with our competitors? Response Future Objectives Current Strategy Assumptions Capabilities

42. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–42 Complementors ComplementorsComplementors  The network of companies that sell complementary products or services or are compatible with the focal firm’s own product or service. If a complementor’s product or service adds value to the sale of the focal firm’s product or service, it is likely to create value for the focal firm.If a complementor’s product or service adds value to the sale of the focal firm’s product or service, it is likely to create value for the focal firm. However, if a complementor’s product or service is in a market into which the focal firm intends to expand, the complementor can represent a formidable competitor.However, if a complementor’s product or service is in a market into which the focal firm intends to expand, the complementor can represent a formidable competitor.

43. © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. 2–43 Ethical Considerations Practices considered both legal and ethical:Practices considered both legal and ethical:  Obtaining publicly available information  Attending trade fairs and shows to obtain competitors’ brochures, view their exhibits, and listen to discussions about their products Practices considered both unethical and illegal:Practices considered both unethical and illegal:  Blackmail  Trespassing  Eavesdropping  Stealing drawings, samples, or documents