2. FORCE AND MOTION

3. Motion - is the change in position in relation to a reference point Motion - is the change in position in relation to a reference point ( movement --- caused by a force) ( movement --- caused by a force) Speed (s) – how fast an object moves Speed (s) – how fast an object moves Speed (s) = d/t where: d - distance t- time Speed (s) = d/t where: d - distance t- time Example: Example: d= 20m t= 5 s d= 20m t= 5 s Sol’n: Sol’n: s = d/t s = d/t = 20m/5s = 20m/5s s = 4m/s s = 4m/s

4. Mass - the amount of matter in an object, constant, measured in grams (g), kilogram (kg) Mass - the amount of matter in an object, constant, measured in grams (g), kilogram (kg) Weight - is the gravitational force acting on an object, changing, measured in Newton (N) N (kg- m/s/s) Weight - is the gravitational force acting on an object, changing, measured in Newton (N) N (kg- m/s/s) * W MOON = 1/6 of the W on Earth * W MOON = 1/6 of the W on Earth F or W = m x a where: a = 9.8 m/s 2 F or W = m x a where: a = 9.8 m/s 2 Example: Example: W Mina = 36kg x 9.8m/s 2 W Mina = 36kg x 9.8m/s 2 = 352.8 N (on Earth) = 352.8 N (on Earth) W Mina on the moon = 1/6 (352.8 N) =58.8 N with W Mina on the moon = 1/6 (352.8 N) =58.8 N with 36 kg mass 36 kg mass

5. Velocity (v) – speed and direction Velocity (v) – speed and direction Velocity (v) = d/t, direction Velocity (v) = d/t, direction Example: v running = 4 m/s, South Example: v running = 4 m/s, South Acceleration(a)- rate of change of speed or Acceleration(a)- rate of change of speed or velocity velocity Acceleration (a) = FS - OS Acceleration (a) = FS - OS T = final velocity-original velocity = final velocity-original velocitytime a = m/s 2 or km/hr 2 a = m/s 2 or km/hr 2 * increase – acceleration (faster) * increase – acceleration (faster) * decrease – deceleration (slows/stops)

6. Newton’s Laws of Motion I. Law of Inertia II. Law of Acceleration (F=ma) III. Law of Interaction (Action-Reaction)

7. Newton’s Laws of Motion 1 st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 1 st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 2 nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration. 2 nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration. 3 rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 3 rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

8. 1 st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

9. 1 st Law Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless.

10. 1 st Law Once airborne, unless acted on by an unbalanced force (gravity and air – fluid friction), it would never stop! Once airborne, unless acted on by an unbalanced force (gravity and air – fluid friction), it would never stop!

11. 1 st Law Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever. Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever.

12. Why then, do we observe every day objects in motion slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an outside force? It’s a force we sometimes cannot see – friction.

13. Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon travels through, are under the influence of friction.

14. There are four main types of friction: There are four main types of friction: Sliding friction: Sliding friction: ice skating Rolling friction: Rolling friction: bowling Fluid friction (air or liquid): Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance Static friction: Static friction: initial friction when moving an object What is this unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion?

15. Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest position. The book comes to a rest because of the presence of a force - that force being the force of friction - which brings the book to a rest position.

16. In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.) In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)

17. Newtons’s 1 st Law and You Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.

18. 2 nd Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

19. 2 nd Law The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, or F=ma.

20. 2 nd Law When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N). When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N). One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second. One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.

21. 2 nd Law (F = m x a) How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per second/per second? Write the formula Write the formula F = m x a Fill in given numbers and units Fill in given numbers and units F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second Solve for the unknown Solve for the unknown 2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N

22. If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration. (↑m,↑F, ↑a); (↓m, ↓F,↓a)

23. Newton’s 2 nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces. We know that objects with different masses accelerate to the ground at the same rate. However, because of the 2 nd Law we know that they don’t hit the ground with the same force. F = ma 98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s F = ma 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/s

25. Check Your Understanding 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object? 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object? 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the mass. 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the mass. 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec? 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec? 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec? 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?

26. Check Your Understanding 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? 6kg? 6kg? 12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s ( a= 12kg-m/s /s / 3kg = 4 m/s/s) 12 N = 6 kg x 2 m/s/s ( a= 12kg-m/s/s / 6kg = 2 m/s/s) 12 N = 6 kg x 2 m/s/s ( a= 12kg-m/s/s / 6kg = 2 m/s/s) 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the mass. 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine the mass. 16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s (m=16 kg-m/s /s / 5m/s/s = 3.2 kg) 16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s (m=16 kg-m/s /s / 5m/s/s = 3.2 kg) 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/s/s? 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/s/s? F = 66 kg x 1m/s/s or 66 N F = 66 kg x 1m/s/s or 66 N 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec? 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec? 9800 kg-m/s/s or 9800 N F = 1000 kg x 9.8 m/s/s = 9800 kg-m/s/s or 9800 N

28. 3 rd Law of Motion (Law of Interaction) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

29. 3 rd Law According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body.

30. 3 rd Law There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces.

31. Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water reacts by pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water reacts by pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards). The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards).

32. 3 rd Law Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newton’s third law of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their wings up and gives them lift.

33. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.

35. Other examples of Newton’s Third Law The baseball forces the bat to the left (an action); the bat forces the ball to the right (the reaction). The baseball forces the bat to the left (an action); the bat forces the ball to the right (the reaction).

36. 3 rd Law Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards. Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards.

37. 3 rd Law The reaction of a rocket is an application of the third law of motion. Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot gases. The hot gases push against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward, the rocket moves in the opposite direction.

38. Curves, Centrifugal, Centripetal Forces Going around a curve smushes you against window Going around a curve smushes you against window Understand this as inertia: you want to go straight Understand this as inertia: you want to go straight your body wants to keep going straight but the car is accelerating towards the center of the curve Car acceleration is v 2 /r  you think you’re being accelerated by v 2 /r relative to the car

39. Centripetal, Centrifugal Forces, continued The car is accelerated toward the center of the curve by a centripetal (center seeking) force The car is accelerated toward the center of the curve by a centripetal (center seeking) force In your reference frame of the car, you experience a “fake”, or fictitious centrifugal “force” In your reference frame of the car, you experience a “fake”, or fictitious centrifugal “force” Not a real force, just inertia relative to car’s acceleration Not a real force, just inertia relative to car’s acceleration Centripetal Force on car velocity of car (and the way you’d rather go)

41. Three Laws of Motion Three Laws of Motion a. First Law (Law of Inertia) a. First Law (Law of Inertia) - An object remains at rest or in motion, unless a force is applied on it. - An object remains at rest or in motion, unless a force is applied on it. b. Second Law (Law of Acceleration) b. Second Law (Law of Acceleration) - An object accelerates because of a force that acts on it. - An object accelerates because of a force that acts on it. F = ma F = ma - The greater the mass, the greater the force is needed in order for the object to accelerate. - The greater the mass, the greater the force is needed in order for the object to accelerate. * the greater the force, higher acceleration * the greater the force, higher acceleration * greater the mass, greater force to be exerted * greater the mass, greater force to be exerted

42. c. Third Law (Law of Interaction) c. Third Law (Law of Interaction) - For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction. - For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction. Ex: walking  reaction (floor) Ex: walking  reaction (floor)  action (feet) Curved Path/Circular Curved Path/Circular - An object moving in a circle is acted upon by centripetal (inward force) and centrifugal (outward force) forces. - An object moving in a circle is acted upon by centripetal (inward force) and centrifugal (outward force) forces.