1. Application of Models-3/CMAQ to Phoenix Airshed Sang-Mi Lee and Harindra J. S. Fernando Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program Arizona State University

2. Outline  Study Area – Phoenix Basin  MM5 Simulation  Models-3/CMAQ Result  Process Analysis of CMAQ

3. Topography of Phoenix and its Surroundings

4. v Non-Attainment Area of the NAAQS for O 3, PM 10, and CO v PAFEX (Phoenix Air Flow Experiment) PAFEX-1 (January 14 - February 1, 1998) PAFEX-2 (July 1 - September 15, 1998) Spatial and Vertical distribution of Pollutants Mean & turbulent measurements of meteorology v 1998 Phoenix Ozone Study (June 11 - 30, 2001) Aircraft measurements for VOC & Oxides v 2001 Phoenix Ozone Study (June 11 - 30, 2001) 3-D Spatial & Temporal distribution of Ozone & Oxides As well as meteorology Air Quality in Phoenix

5.  Study Case  0400 LST July 22 – 0000 LST July 24, 1996  Spatial Dimension  2 km horizontal grid spacing  31 vertical layers  Meteorological data  MM5 + FDDA  IV & BV : NCEP Eta Analysis 40 km output  Emission data  Prepared with EPS2 for UAM  From Arizona Department of Environmental Quality  Initial value & Boundary value Near surface concentration : routine monitoring data Upper level :Ozone & VOC aircraft measurement in 1998 Design of Numerical Experiments

6. Ground Level Wind Field 0400 LST July 22 nd – 2300 LST July 23 rd

7. Validation of MM5 output

8. Bowen Ratio ~ 4

9. Correlation between MM5 vs Observations Temperature u-component v-component (r=0.9)(r=0.4)(r=0.4)

10. Ground Level Ozone Concentration 0400 LST July 22 nd – 2300 LST July 23 rd

11. Downtown Phoenix Mountain Area Ground Level Ozone Concentration

12. Emission Inventory

13. Emission vs. concentration Downtown Eastern Valley

14. 79 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 00 02 04 Local Time Temporal & Vertical Variation of Ozone

15. Prediction vs. Observation: O 3

16. Prediction vs. Observation: CO

17. Observation: PBL growth & Ozone PBL Growth Ozone June 25 th, 2001

18. 1-D Column Application & Budget of each Process

19. Downtown Site (Super Site) Downstream Site (Blue Point Bridge)

20. Downtown vs Downstream

22. Middle Level Ozone Maximum Ground Ozone High Ozone Reservoir Chemistry -- Vertical Mixing ++ Deposition - Chemistry + Vertical Mixing - Chemistry 0/+ Vertical Mixing + Deposition - Horizontal Transport + Schematics for Daytime Ozone Physics

23. Ozone Free Air Mass Ozone Reservoir Chemistry - - Intermittent Turbulence ++ Horizontal Transport + (Gust front, K-H instability +) Chemistry -/0 Vertical Intermittent Mixing - Schematics for Nighttime Ozone Physics

24. Summary  Meteorology in Phoenix area was reasonably reproduced by MM5. The correlation coefficients between MM5 and observations at surface layer were as high as 0.9 for temperature and 0.4 for both u- and v- wind components.  Downstream region has higher ozone concentration than downtown region due to advection by local circulation as well as active NO x chemistry  In Phoenix metropolitan area, the increase of ground level ozone concentration was contributed by vertical dispersion rather than photochemical construction  In downstream of the urban area, ground level ozone was increased by chemical production as well as vertical dispersion