1. Mutations

2. Mutation= A change in an organism’s DNA. Types of mutations:
Point mutation substitutes one nucleotide for another.
mutated
base

3. Point mutation example:
Sickle Cell Anemia
Fig. 5.1 (a) Point mutation in codon number six of the beta -globin gene results in the substitution of the amino acid number glutamine with valine and the formation of haemoglobin S (HbS); (b) Red blood cells in a smear of normal blood containing HbA; (c) crenated and sickle-shaped red blood cells in sickle cell anaemia. b. a. c.  

5. Frameshift mutation inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence.
Example:
The Cat Ate The Rat (Remove “e” on 1st “The”)
 = Thc Ata Tet Her At

6. Frameshift mutation example:
Cystic fibrosis

7. Mutations can be caused by several factors: Replication errors
Mitosis and meiosis errors
Mutagens (such as UV ray and chemicals)
Some cancer drugs
Mutations in body cells do not affect offspring.
Some gene mutations do not affect phenotype (A mutation may be silent)
Mutations in sex cells can be harmful or beneficial to offspring.