1. 2009 Orientation group session “The critical choices in research process” Paula Kyrö For Group number 5 compulsory to other PhD course participants elective

2. Why introduction session?

3.  Kuhn’s paradigm as a mediating concept with two roles: technical role as meta rules to conduct the research as social role: educating for learning research

4. Critical choices in the research process

5. The paradigm as a mediating concept  defining the phenomenon and narrowing the problem might contain philosophical and methodological assumptions that define what kind of theories and methodological choices we commit ourselves to  To understand these interrelationships we can use the mediating connotation of the concept of a “paradigm”.

6. Comparison Contri-butorScience’s role in reality The nature of the dynamics of the development of scientific inquiry The process of scientific inquiry The structure of reasoning Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) A fundamental reformulation of reality Cyclical:Science develops through a series of discontinuous changes A dialectical process of reason and experience Karl Popper (1902- 1994) evolutionary To understand the world including ourselves, and our knowledge, as part of the world EvolutionaryScience as a dynamic open- ended and open-minded process proceeding towards theories of an ever-higher level of universality “Quasi-inductive”, a sort of interplay between a deductive and an inductive method Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) Science has its own internal dynamics in reality RevolutionaryBased on consensus of a scientific community Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994) Science needs to describe reality Ad hocAccidental discoveries and invention No specific structure

7. Roles of Kuhn’s paradigm concept technical role: meta rules to conduct the research social role: educating for learning research

8. The elements of a paradigm conceptual world-views, consisting of an agreement on formal theories, classic experiment and trusted methods World-view ontology, axiology and epistemology.

9. Methodology and method two meanings Method: the philosophical basis or the research method = more technical rules for data gathering and analysing Methodology: epistemological commitment or group of research methods

10. Entrepreneurship research lack of congruent paths between theories, methods and philosophical base contradictory theoretical suggestions sophisticated statical method seems to be model for ideal research

11. Entrepreneurship domain Brush & al. 2003

12. Entrepreneurial Human being makes a difference For example Mises: 1.Human beings act, 2. Interaction: how actors anticipate, react, and adjust to each other's wants, abilities, knowledge and plans

13. Constructs and metaconstructs of personality and intelligence

14. The Anglo-American and the Continental approach to education

15. How to define and what to focus on? Entrepreneurship The small business management and ownership, the interplay between individual and business Individual entrepreneurship Self-oriented entrepreneurship, an individual’s self-oriented behaviour Organisational entrepreneurship Organisations collective behavior Intrapreneurship As interplay between organisational and individua entrepreneurship