1. BZUPAGES.COM Presentation On SWITCHING TECHNIQUE Presented To; Sir Taimoor Presented By; Beenish Jahangir 07_04 Uzma Noreen 07_08 Tayyaba Jahangir 07_33 Nimra Irshad 06_27

2. BZUPAGES.COM Switching Techniques In most multicomputer systems, a message enters the network from a source node and is switched or routed towards its destination through a series of intermediate nodes. Four types of switching techniques are usually used for this purpose: circuit switching packet switching virtual cut-through switching wormhole switching.

3. BZUPAGES.COM Circuit Switching In circuit switching, a dedicated path is established between the source and the destination before data transfer initiates. Once the data transfer is initiated the message is never blocked. As the channels creating the path are reserved exclusively, buffering of data is not required. On the other hand, establishing the path requires significant overhead: during the data-transmission phase, all channels are reserved for the entire duration of message transfer. Circuit switching thus degrades performance and is no longer used in commercial multicomputer systems.

4. BZUPAGES.COM Circuit Switching Source first establishes a connection (circuit) to the destination. Each router or switch along the way may reserve some bandwidth for the data flow.

5. BZUPAGES.COM Source sends the data over the circuit. No need to include the destination address with the data since the routers know the path The connection is torn down. Example: telephone network. CONT…

6. BZUPAGES.COM Circuit Switching Advantages, relative to packet switching: Implies guaranteed bandwidth, predictable performance Simple switch design: only remembers connection information, no longest-prefix destination address look up

7. BZUPAGES.COM Disadvantages: Inefficient for bursty traffic (wastes bandwidth) Delay associated with establishing a circuit Can we get the advantages without (all) the disadvantages?

8. BZUPAGES.COM Packet Switching In packet switching, a message is divided into packets that are independently routed towards its destination. The destination address is encoded in the header of each packet. The entire packet is stored at every intermediate node and then forwarded to the next node in its path. The main advantage of packet switching is that the channel resource is occupied only when a packet is actually transferred.

9. BZUPAGES.COM Packet Switching cont... Each packet contains the routing information and alternative paths can be selected upon encountering network congestion or faulty nodes. The major drawback of packet switching Since the packet is stored entirely at each intermediate node, the time to transmit a packet from source to destination is directly proportional to the number of hops in the path. At each intermediate node, we need buffer space to hold at least one packet.

10. BZUPAGES.COM Packet Switching Source sends information as self-contained packets that have an address. Source may have to break up single message into multiple

11. BZUPAGES.COM Each packet travel independently to the destination host. Routers and switches use the address in the packet to determine how to forward the packets Destination recreates the message. Analogy: a letter in surface mail.

12. BZUPAGES.COM Virtual Circuits Versus Packet Switching Circuit switching: Uses short connection identifiers to forward packets Switches know about the connections so they can more easily implement features such as quality of service Virtual circuits form basis for traffic engineering: VC identifies long-lived stream of data that can be scheduled

13. BZUPAGES.COM Packet switching: Use full destination addresses for forwarding packets Can send data right away: no need to establish a connection first Switches are stateless: easier to recover from failures Adding QoS is hard traffic engineering is hard: too many packets!

14. BZUPAGES.COM Virtual Cut Through In order to reduce the time to store the packets at each node, Kermani and Kleinrock introduced a technique called virtual cut-through In this, while routing toward its destination, a message is stored at an intermediate node only if the next channel required is occupied by another packet. Now, the distance between the source and destination has little effect on communication latency.

15. BZUPAGES.COM cont... In an extreme case, when a message encounters blocking at all the intermediate nodes, the virtual cut- through technique reduces to packet switching. The disadvantage of the virtual cut-through technique Implementation cost: each node must provide sufficient buffer space for all the messages passing through it, and because multiple messages may be blocked at any node, a very large buffer space is required at each node. This implementation constraint limits the use of virtual cut-through technique.

16. BZUPAGES.COM Wormhole Switching Wormhole switching is a variant of the virtual cut-through technique that avoids the need for large buffer spaces. In wormhole switching, a packet is transmitted between the nodes in units of flits, the smallest units of a message on which flow control can be performed. The header flit(s) of a message contains all the necessary routing information and all the other flits contain the data elements. The flits of the message are transmitted through the network in a pipelined fashion.

17. BZUPAGES.COM cont... Since only the header flit(s) has the routing information, all the trailing flits follow the header flit(s) contiguously. Flits of two different messages cannot be interleaved at any intermediate node. Successive flits in a packet are pipelined asynchronously in hardware using a handshaking protocol. When the header flit is blocked, then all the trailing flits occupy the buffers at the intermediate nodes.

18. BZUPAGES.COM Message format and routing in Wormhole Switching Packets DDDDDDDDDDH Flits D: Data Flit H: Header Flit (a) D DD H DD (b) Wormhole Switching Messages

19. BZUPAGES.COM Advantages of Wormhole Switching The main advantage of wormhole switching derives from the pipelined message flow since transmission latency is insensitive to the distance between the source and destination. Moreover, since the message moves flit by flit across the network, each node needs to store only one flit. Some implementations, however, require storage of multiple flits at each node to improve routing performance. The reduction of buffer requirements at each node has a major effect on the cost and size of multicomputer systems.

20. BZUPAGES.COM Disadvantages of Wormhole Switching The main disadvantage of wormhole switching comes from the fact that only the header flit has the routing information. If the header flit cannot advance in the network due to resource contention, all the trailing flits are also blocked along the path and these blocked messages can block other messages. This chained blocking can also lead to deadlock where messages wait for each other in a cycle and hence no message can advance any further.

21. BZUPAGES.COM Questions ?