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The Interwar Years and the Crisis of Western Liberalism Bolshevism Fascism Repression
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I. The Fall of Romanov Russia and the Rise of the Soviet Union
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I. Revolution in Russia, 1917- 1920 Reform/repression, 1905-07 March Revolution, 1917 Nicholas II
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A. Dual Power 1. Provisional Government –Alexander Kerensky
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2. Soviets (workers and soldiers) - consensus lacking; locally independent 3. Intelligentsia
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4. Kerensky Offensive (1917)
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B. The Third Russian Revolution 1. Social Democrats (Marxists) - historical dialectic
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2. Mensheviks - parliamentary means Bolsheviks - violent revolution -- bourgeois self-absorption -- discipline
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3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - professional revolutionaries - role of soviets 4. April Theses - peace, land and bread
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5. Red October, 1917 Storming of the Winter Palace Leon Trotsky
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C. Bolsheviks establish power 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918
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2. The Russian Civil War, 1917-1920
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3. Elimination of the Czar, 1918
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4. Politburo - socialist dictatorship 5. New Economic Policy, 1921-28
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D. Stalinization 1. Stalin v. Trotsky 2. Forced industrialization - 5-Year Plans - Collectivization kulaks
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3. Comintern 4. Great Purges, 1934-38 - gulag archipelago
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5. Stalin’s foreign policy - Treaty of Rapallo, 1924 - Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
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E. Betrayal of Socialism 1.Stalin’s “Animal Farm” - permanent revolution - NKVD “Black Ravens” - Socialist dictatorship 2. Division of the European Left George Orwell
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II. Italian Fascism Nationalism Anti-liberal values Politics of the Irrational
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A. Legacy of Unification 1.Weak liberal/democratic tradition 2.Failures of WWI
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B. Mussolini’s Italy 1.Benito Mussolini 1922-43 2.Fascio - “witch’s brew” of ideologies - politics of the irrational
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3. Attack on “bourgeois” values 4. Squadristi “black shirts”
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5.Alliance with industrialists - corporative system 6. Cult of Personality Il Duce - fasces
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7. Lateran Treaty, 1929 - Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism
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B. The New Roman Empire 1. Militarism - Ethiopia ’35 - Albania ’39 2. Pact of Steel, 1939
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III. The Spanish Civil War Dress rehearsal for WWII, 1936-39 Guernica - Pablo Picasso
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A. The Spanish Republic 1. 1931, Popular Front 2. Red v. Black - Republican v. Nationalist - Francisco Franco
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B. International Event 1. Condor Legion 2. Neutrality 3. International Brigade - Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
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IV. Paralyzed democracy Depression Division Isolation Salvador Dali
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A. France 1. Political polarization 2. Depression cancels out reform Leon Blum
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B. Great Britain 1.Maintaining Empire 2. Fascist fan club - British Union of Fascists - Edward VIII
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C. The United States and the New Deal 1. Leftward expansion 2. Groundwork for prosperity FDR
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Totalitarian Europe Rhineland ’36 Anschluss ’37 Munich Agreement ‘38 Poland, ‘39
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