1. NATIONALISM

2. Check this out: Coalbrookdale by Night - Philip James de Loutherbourg

3. Reaction and Revolution Chapter 19 – Section 2 Reminder – You have a Chapter 19 Test on Thursday!!!

4. Political Philosophies of the 1800’s CONSERVATISM Based on tradition and social stability. Obedience to authority. Organized Religion is crucial to keep order. Against revolutions and unwilling to grant rights or representation. LIBERALISM Based on Principles of the Enlightenment. Citizens should be free from Gov’t restraint. Belief in protection of Civil Liberties: Equal treatment before the law, freedom of speech, assembly and press. Separation of Church and State. Advocated the use of Constitutional Gov’t NATIONALISM Awareness of common institutions, traditions, language and customs. Political loyalty belonged to a Nation. Began during the French Revolution. Unification was a goal for separated groups with the same institutions, traditions, language and customs.

5. Using your knowledge of Conservatism, Liberalism and Nationalism – detail the events of this Chapter Section and highlight each political philosophy with a different color for each. Conservatism LiberalismNationalism

6. Defeat of Napoleon and his Empire Following the defeat of Napoleon and the French, the “Great Powers” of Great Britain, Austria Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress of Vienna to arrange a peace treaty. Restoring the legitimacy of former monarchs was a key goal of this meeting.

7. The Congress of Vienna Meeting of Great Powers in Europe in September 1814 ▫ The Congress of Vienna was organized by Prince Klemens von Metternich – the Austrian Foreign Minister.  Metternich was driven by the principle of legitimacy – which would restore power to the ruling families before the reign of Napoleon.  Metternich was a proponent of conservatism in Europe. ▫ A Balance of Power  The Great Powers rearranged the territorial borders of European nations in order to create a balance of power.

9. The Concert of Europe The Great Powers wanted to create a balance of power in Europe. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France agreed to conference regularly in order to maintain peace in Europe ▫ The Concert of Europe eventually adopted a principle of intervention - Great Powers assumed the right to send armies into countries to stop revolutions and restore monarchs. ▫ Military Forces were used to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy and restore their monarchs.

11. The Revolutions of 1848 France – Liberal/Nationalist forces overthrew King Louis-Phillipe due to severe economic problems. Revolutionaries demanded a republic – leaders were elected. An election of members to fill the Constituent Assembly was to be by universal male suffrage – all adult men could vote. The first election chose Louis-Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

12. The Revolutions of 1848 Germany – Liberals/Nationalists in Germany demanded change from their monarchs. Many rulers promised constitutions, free press and fair trials. A German constitution was created by the Frankfurt Assembly, but could not be enforced. Unification of Germany was delayed.

13. The Revolutions of 1848 Austria/Hungary – The Austrian Empire was a multinational state – a collection of different peoples. Ethnic groups included Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians and Italians. Demonstrations in 1848 were shut down by Russian forces and the revolution failed.

14. The Revolutions of 1848 Italy – Revolts broke out against the Austrians, who controlled a chunk of Northern Italy. Revolutionaries took up arms and sought to create constitutions and unify the Italian peninsula. The Austrian Empire struck back with its military and regained control over its territory.

15. What’s with all the Revolution? Nationalists wanted to unify people with the same common characteristics under one government. Liberals wanted to obtain the civil liberties and constitutions won over by the French and the U.S. Conservative governments ultimately quelled any revolution and intervention was successful. HOWEVER, nationalism and liberalism continued to influence political events…