1. NVIDIA’S FERMI: THE FIRST COMPLETE GPU COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE A WHITE PAPER BY PETER N. GLASKOWSKY Presented by: Course: Presented by: Ahmad Hammad Course: CSE 661 - Fall 2011

2. Outline  Introduction  What is GPU Computing?  Fermi  The Programming Model  The Streaming Multiprocessor  The Cache and Memory Hierarchy  Conclusion

3. Introduction  Traditional microprocessor technology see diminishing returns.  Improvement in clock speeds and architectural sophistication is slowing  Focus has shifted to multicore designs.  These too are reaching practical limits for personal computing.

4. Introduction (2)  CPUs are optimized for applications where work done by limited number of threads  Threads exhibit high data locality  Mix of different operations  High percentage of conditional branches.  CPUs are inefficient for high-performance computing applications  Integer and floating-point execution units is small  Most of the CPU space, complexity and heat it generates, devoted to: Caches, instruction decoders, branch predictors, and other features to enhance single-threaded performance.

5. Introduction (3)  GPU design aims applications with multiple threads dominated by long sequences of computational instructions.  GPUs are much better at thread handling, data caching, virtual memory management, flow control, and other CPU-like features.  CPUs will never go away, but  GPUs deliver more cost-effective and energy-efficient performance.

6. Introduction (4)  The key GPU design goal is to maximize floating- point throughput.  Most of the circuitry within each core is dedicated to computation, rather than speculative features  power consumed by GPUs goes into the application’s actual algorithmic work.

7. What is GPU Computing?  Use of a graphics processing unit to do general purpose scientific and engineering computing.  GPU computing not a replacement for CPU computing.  Each approach has advantages for certain kinds of software.  CPU and GPU work together in a heterogeneous co- processing computing model.  The sequential part of the application runs on the CPU  the computationally-intensive part is accelerated by the GPU.

8. What is GPU Computing?  From the user’s perspective, the application just runs faster because of using the GPU to boost performance.

9. History  GPU computing began with nonprogrammable 3G- graphics accelerators  Multi-chip 3D rendering engines were developed starting in the 1980s,  By mid-1990s all the essential elements integrated onto a single chip.  1994-2001, these chips progressed from the simplest pixel-drawing functions to implementing the full 3D pipeline

10. History  NVIDIA’s GeForce 3 in 2001 introduced programmable pixel shading to the consumer market.  The programmability of this chip was very limited  Later GeForce products became more flexible and faster  adding separate programmable engines for vertex and geometry shading.  This evolution culminated in the GeForce 7800

11. GeForce 7800  Had Three kinds of programmable engines for different stages of the 3D pipeline.  Several additional stages of configurable and fixed-function logic.

12. History  programming evolved as a way to perform non- graphics processing on these graphics-optimized architectures  By running carefully crafted shader code against data presented as vertex or texture information.  Retrieving the results from a later stage in the pipeline.

13. History  Managing three different programmable engines in a single 3D pipeline led to unpredictable bottlenecks  too much effort went into balancing the throughput of each stage.  In 2006, NVIDIA introduced the GeForce 8800,  This design featured a “unified shader architecture” with 128 processing elements distributed among eight shader cores.  Each shader core could be assigned to any shader task, eliminating the need for stage-by-stage balancing Greatly improving overall performance.

14. History  To bring the advantages of the 8800 architecture and CUDA to new markets such as HPC, NVIDIA introduced the Tesla product line.  Current Tesla products use the more recent GT200 architecture.  The Tesla line begins with PCI Express add-in boards— essentially graphics cards without display outputs—and with drivers optimized for GPU computing instead of 3D rendering.  With Tesla, programmers don’t have to worry about making tasks look like graphics operations;  the GPU can be treated like a many core processor.

15. History  In 2006-2007 NVIDIA introduced its parallel architecture called “CUDA”.  Consists of 100s of processor cores that operate together.  Easy programming for the associated CUDA parallel programming model.  Developer modify their application to take the compute-intensive kernels and map them to the GPU. adding “C” keywords  The rest of the application remains on the CPU.  Developer launches 10s of 1000s of threads simultaneously.  The GPU hardware manages the threads and does thread scheduling.  Although GPU computing is only a few years old now  More programmers with direct GPU computing experience than have ever used a Cray dedicated supercomputers.  Academic support for GPU computing is also growing quickly. over 200 colleges and universities are teaching classes in CUDA programming

16. Fermi  Code name for NVIDIA’s next-generation CUDA architecture  consists of  16 streaming multiprocessors (SMs) each consisting of 32 cores each can execute one floating-point or integer instruction per clock.  The SMs are supported by a second-level cache  Host interface  GigaThread scheduler  Multiple DRAM interfaces.

17. Fermi  Code name for NVIDIA’s next-generation CUDA architecture

18. The Programming Model  Complexity of the Fermi architecture is managed by multi-level programming model  allows software developers to focus on algorithm design  No need to know details about mapping algorithm to the hardware improve productivity

19. The Programming Model Kernels  In NVIDIA’s CUDA software platform the computational elements of algorithms called kernels  Kernels can be written in the C language  extended with additional keywords to express parallelism directly  Once compiled, kernels consist of many threads that execute the same program in parallel

20. The Programming Model Thread Blocks 

21. The Programming Model Warps  Thread blocks are divided into warps of 32 threads.  The warp is the fundamental unit of dispatch within a single SM.  Two warps from different thread blocks can be issued and executed concurrently  increase hardware utilization and energy efficiency.  Thread blocks are grouped into grids  each executes a unique kernel

22. The Programming Model IDs  Threads and thread blocks each have identifiers (IDs)  Specify their relationship to the kernel.  Used by each thread as indexes to their input and output data and shared memory locations.

23. The Programming Model  At any one time, the entire Fermi device is dedicated to a single application.  an application may include multiple kernels.  Fermi supports simultaneous execution of multiple kernels from the same application  Each kernel distributed to one or more SMs This capability increases the utilization of the device

24. The Programming Model GigaThread  Switching from one application to another needs 25µsec  Short enough to maintain high utilization even when running multiple applications  This switching is managed by GigaThread (hardware thread scheduler)  Manages 1,536 simultaneously active threads for each streaming multiprocessor across 16 kernels.

25. The Programming Model Languages  Fermi support  C-language  FORTRAN (with independent solutions from The Portland Group and NOAA)  Java, Matlab, and Python  Fermi brings new instruction level support for C++  previously unsupported on GPUs  will make GPU computing more widely available than ever.

26. Supported software platforms  Supported software platforms  NVIDIA’s own CUDA development environment  The OpenCL standard managed by the Khronos Group  Microsoft’s Direct Compute API.

27. The Streaming Multiprocessor  Comprise 32 cores each:  can perform floating-point and integer operations  16 load-store units for memory operations  four special-function units  64K of local SRAM split between cache and local memory.

29. The Streaming Multiprocessor core  Floating-point operations follow the IEEE 754-2008 floating-point standard.  Each core can perform  one single-precision fused multiply-add operation in each clock period  one double-precision fused multiply-add FMA in two clock periods. no rounding off in the intermediate result  Fermi performs more than 8× as many double-precision operations per clock than previous GPU generations

30. The Streaming Multiprocessor core  FMA support increases the accuracy and performance of other mathematical operations  division and square root  extended-precision arithmetic  interval arithmetic  Linear algebra.  The integer ALU supports the usual mathematical and logical operations  including multiplication, on both 32-bit and 64-bit values.

31. The Streaming Multiprocessor Memory operations  Handled by a set of 16 load-store units in each SM.  load/store instructions refer to memory in terms of two-dimensional arrays  providing addresses in terms of x and y values.  Data can be converted from one format to another as it passes between DRAM and the core registers at the full rate.  examples of optimizations unique to GPUs

32. The Streaming Multiprocessor four Special Function Units  handle special operations such as sin, cos and exp  Four of these operations can be issued per cycle in each SM.

33. The Streaming Multiprocessor execution blocks  Within Fermi SM has four execution blocks  Cores are divided into two execution blocks:16 cores each.  One block offer 16 load-store units  One block of the four SFUs,  In each cycle, 32 instructions can be dispatched from one or two warps to these blocks.  Two cycles to execute the 32 instructions on the cores or load/store units.  32 special-function instructions can issued in single cycle  takes eight cycles to complete on the four SFUs. (32/4 = 8)

34. This figure shows how instructions are issued to the execution blocks.

35. ISA improvements (1)  Fermi debuts the Parallel Thread eXecution (PTX) 2.0 instruction-set architecture (ISA).  Defines instruction set and new virtual machine architecture.  Compilers supporting NVIDIA GPUs, provide PTX- compliant binaries that act as a hardware-neutral.  Applications can be portable across GPU generations and implementations.

36. ISA improvements (2)  All instructions support predication.  Each instruction can be executed or skipped based on condition codes.  Each thread perform different operations as needed while execution continues at full speed.  If predication isn’t sufficient, usual if-then-else structure with branch statements used

37. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy L1  Fermi architecture provides local memory in each SM, can be split  Shared memory  First-level (L1) cache for global memory references.  The local memory is 64K in size  Split 16K/48K or 48K/16K between L1 cache and shared memory. Depends on How much shared memory is needed, how predictable the kernel’s accesses to global memory are likely to be.

38. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy  Shared memory, provides low-latency access to moderate amounts of data  Because the access latency to this memory is also completely predictable  algorithms can be written to interleave loads, calculations, and stores with maximum efficiency.

39. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy  A larger shared-memory requirement argues for less cache;  more frequent or unpredictable accesses to larger regions of DRAM argues for more cache.

40. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy L2  Fermi come with an L2 cache  768KB in size for a 512-core chip.  Covers GPU local DRAM as well as system memory.  The L2 cache subsystem implements:  Set of memory read-modify-write atomic operations Managing access to data shared across thread blocks or kernels. atomic operations are 5× to 20× faster than on previous GPUs using conventional synchronization methods.

41. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy DRAM  The final stage of the local memory hierarchy.  Fermi provides six 64-bit DRAM channels that support SDDR3 and GDDR5 DRAMs.  Up to 6GB of GDDR5 DRAM can be connected to the chip.

42. Error Correcting Code ECC  Fermi is the first GPU to provide ECC protects  DRAM, register files, shared memories, L1 and L2 caches.  The level of protection is known as SECDED:  single (bit) error correction, double error detection.  Instead of each 64-bit memory channel carrying eight extra bits for ECC information  NVIDIA has a secrete solution for packing the ECC bits into reserved lines of memory.

43. The Cache and Memory Hierarchy  The GigaThread controller also provides a pair of streaming data-transfer engines,  each can fully saturate Fermi’s PCI Express host interface.  Typically, one will be used to move data from system memory to GPU memory when setting up a GPU computation.  while the other will be used to move result data from GPU memory tos system memory.

44. Conclusion  CPUs is the best for dynamic workloads with short sequences of computational operations and unpredictable control flow.  workloads dominated by computational work performed within a simpler control flow need GPU