1. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity

2. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Characteristics common to most animals Eukaryotic Multicelleular Heterotrophic Specialized cells

3. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Characteristics common to most animals, cont. Capable of locomotion at some point Can respond adaptively to external stimuli Can reproduce sexually

4. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Characteristics common to most animals, cont. Sexual reproduction –Sperm and egg unite to form a zygote –Zygote undergoes cleavage –Multiple cell divisions result in a blastula –Blastula undergoes gastrulation

5. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Advantages of life in the ocean Relatively stable temperatures Provide buoyancy Provide food Fluid and salt balances are most easily maintained in this environment

6. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Disadvantages of life in the ocean Currents Other water movements

7. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Disadvantages of life in fresh water Less constant environment Less food Fresh water is hypotonic to tissue fluid, osmoregulation required

8. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Disadvantages of terrestrial life Potential for dessication Temperature change Gametes and embryos must be protected

9. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Animals classified according to body plan Asymmetrical (most sponges) Radial (phylum Cnidaria) –Biradial (sea anemones and ctenophores) Bilateral (most animals)

10. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Radial symmetry

11. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Bilateral symmetry

12. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Animals classified on the basis of tissue development Diploblastic –Ectoderm –Endoderm Triploblastic –Ectoderm –Endoderm –Mesoderm

13. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Ectoderm gives rise to Body covering Nervous system Endoderm gives rise to Gut lining Digestive organs Mesoderm gives rise to Most other body structures

14. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Triploblasts classified according to type of coelom Acoelomates Coelomates Pseudocoelomates –Protostomia –Deuerostomia

15. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Acoelomate – flatworm (liver fluke)

16. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Pseudocoelomate - nematode

17. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Coelomate - vertebrate

18. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Pseudocoelomates were formerly classified as a separate group Probably not a monophyletic group Probably evolved through simplification from multiple groups of coelomates

19. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Two main groups of coelomates Protostomia Deuterostomia

20. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Protostomia Spiral cleavage –Cell divisions diagonal to polar axis, therefore spiral arrangement of cells Deuterostomia Radial cleavage –Cell divisions parallel or at 90°, therefore cells directly above or below each other

21. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Spiral cleavage

22. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Radial cleavage

23. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylogeny has three major clades of coelomates Protostomia –Lophotrochozoa –Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia

24. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Five main animal clades: Parazoa Radiata Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia

25. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity In protostomes, blastophere develops into the mouth In deuterostomes, the blastophore usually becomes the anus

26. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Protostomes Lophotrochozoa –Platyhelminthes –Nemerteans –Mollusks –Annelids –Lophophorate phyla –Rotifers

27. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Protozomes, cont. Ecdysozoa –Nematodes –Arthropods

28. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Deutostomes Echinoderms Chordates

29. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylum Porifera Choanocytes: animals with flagellate collar cells Sole parazoa Sponge body consists of –Sac with tiny openings –Spongocoel –Osculum Cells do not form true tissues

30. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity A simple sponge cut open to expose its organization. Water drawn through the pores passes through the spongocoel and exits through the osculum. Collar cells trap food particles in the stream of water

31. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylum Cnidaria Radial symmetry Two tissue layers Cnidocytes (cells with nematocysts) Gastrovascular cavity has single opening (both mouth and anus)

32. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity

33. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Gonothyraea loveni Chrysaora fuscescens Montastrea cavernosa

34. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylum Cnidaria, cont. Irregular, non-directional nerve nets Nerve nets connect sensory cells with contractile and gland cells Life cycle of many cnidarians includes –Sessile polyp stage –Free-swimming medusastage

35. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylum Cnidaria has three main classes Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa

36. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Hydrozoa are usually polyps and may be solitary or colonial Hydras Hydroids Portuguese man-of-war

37. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Hydra, a freshwater hydrozoan

38. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Scyphozoa are generally medusae Jellyfish Anthozoa are polyps and may be solitary or colonial; they differ from hydrozoans in the organization of the gastrovascular cavity Sea anemones Corals

39. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Phylum Ctenophora Comb jellies are fragile, luminescent marine predators –Biradial symmetry –Eight rows of comb-like cilia –Diploblastic –Tentacles with adhesive glue cells

40. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 28 The Animal Kingdom: An Introduction to Animal Diversity Ctenophore (comb jelly)