1. 1 “I see dead people” ❖ The midterm is coming ❖ Oct. 19th ❖ Topics: the lectures, the papers, the labs, the Big Ideas ❖ I will be publishing a TOPIC guide ❖ That’s NOT a ‘to memorize’ sheet!!!

2. 2 Foundational evolution ❖ http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01

3. 3 Anecdote ❖ Scientific thinking: why bother? ❖ “2-page survey on the extent to which they agreed with 12 statements — either about moral principles relating to society in general or about the morality of current issues in the news, from prostitution to the Israeli– Palestinian conflict. But the surveys also contained a ‘magic trick’.” ❖ Briefly: turning the page peeled off the original & left an altered form with reversed meaning next to the user answer http://www.nature.com/news/how-to-confuse-a-moral-compass-1.11447

4. 4 Outcomes ❖ 69% accepted at least one of the altered statements ❖ A full 53% of participants argued unequivocally for the opposite of their original attitude in at least one of the manipulated statements

5. 5 mutatis mutandis* Whence blue eyes? Milk gases? What’s a ‘good’ gene? Where do new things come from? *According to dictionary.com: the necessary changes have been made

6. 6 What’s in a gene? ❖ A ‘gene’ is… ❖ instructions for what to make (‘coding sequence’ ❖ instructions about where, when, how much to make (specified by the regulatory regions) ❖ Changes in any of these can give rise to changes in appearance--phenotype Controls ‘regulatory region’ Product instructions ‘coding sequence’ Go! Promoter

7. 7 Mutants among us ❖ Blue eyes stand up. Green too ❖ Congratulations. You’re mutants ❖ What’s wrong with you? ❖ Mutation is a good thing? Apparently blue eyes are worthwhile ❖ why might this be given that blue eyes increase risk of cataracts?* *Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 98:109-117 (2000)

8. 8 Windows on the gene: eyes ❖ Find a brown- and a blue-eyed person. What’s the difference ❖ What does this mean ‘brown eyes are dominant’? ❖ One gene, two alleles ❖ Why should that be so? What do brown alleles got that blue do not?

9. 9 Blinding you with Science (jargon) ❖ Gene: A stretch of DNA that represents all the information for a product as well as when and where to make the product ❖ Allele: A version (or flavor) of a gene; two alleles of the same gene my differ by a nucleotide or dozens of them--generally a small number ❖ Dominant/recessive: Two alleles enter; one allele leaves (which version manifests in the organism) ❖ NOT which version is more common! ❖ More in the lab manual & Vocab exercises!

10. 10 Plagiarism? ❖A❖Assignment: what are the colors of the rainbow ❖F❖Finding: All 4 members of Team Awesome mis-spelled a word! ❖S❖Sam: Violet-Blue-Griin-Yellow-Orange-Red ❖S❖Sally: Violet-Blue-Green-Yallow-Orange-Red ❖S❖Sarah: Violet-Bloo-Green-Yellow-Orange-Red ❖S❖Solomon: Violet-Blue-Green-Yellow-Oringe-Red ❖D❖Did they plagiarize? What is the basis of your conclusion?

11. 11 Ripped from the headlines ❖ Blue eyes arise from a DNA change that prevents creation of melanin in the eye specifically ❖ Mutation appears identical in all blue-eyed folks, suggesting single origin ❖ Headline: Blue eyes result of ancient genetic ‘mutation’ Headline ❖ It’s not a ‘mutation’; it’s a mutation ❖ [FYI]: On green eyesgreen eyes

12. 12 Getting at the source ❖ Blue-eyed people encode (= have the same coding sequence) the exact same protein for pigment production as brown-eyed. ❖ Humans have a single primary pigment production pathway that makes melanin, this colors hair, skin, eyes ❖ In other words: the same pathway ‘browns’ eyes & skin ❖ Are blue-eyed people albinos? ❖ Possibilities, please If it’s not in the coding sequence, then...

13. 13 Why and how On average, the body of someone my age has more scars than one your age Why?

14. 14 Guess the parent!

15. 15 One step further...

16. 16 And the progenitor?

17. 17

18. 18 What’s your method?

19. 19 Who more related?