2.  Goods or services that are not manufactured, but have some value to humans  Some examples: metals of the earth, biosphere, forests, grasslands, wetlands, tundra, atmosphere…

3.  The rate of harvest or services produced from the natural capital.  Example: ◦ Cherry tree produces cherries ◦ Water cycle produces fresh water ◦ Photosynthesis creates oxygen

4.  Renewable: Living species in ecosystem which can be replaced as fast as they are used  Ex. Food, crops, timber  Non-Renewable: resources which cannot be replaced (except over VERY LONG TIME) ◦ Using these will deplete a storage that will not be built up again ◦ Ex. Fossil fuels, minerals ◦ To prevent depletion we must  1. Improve efficiency of use  2.Develop substitutes  3. Recycle

5.  Replenishable: non-living resources which can be used continuously restored as fast as they are used  Dependent on solar “engine” for renewal  Ex. Ozone layer, groundwater

6.  Economic Value: Determined from the market price of the goods and services it produces  Timber, crops…  Ecological Value: have no formal market price but create something necessary for life. Often taken for granted)  Photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation…  Aesthetic Value: Nature’s beauty. No price or products

7.  Uranium is only recently valuable to humans because of nuclear technology  Value is applied from humans perspective  Gold is expensive but also serves little ecological benefit

8.  Goal is to support a society without depleting essential forms of natural capital  “Living within the means of nature, on the interest generated by natural capital”  Sustainable development ◦ Brundtland report in “Our common future” 1987 ◦ Rio Earth Summit, Agenda 21 1992

9.  Sustainable Yield (SY) is the annual gain in biomass or energy through growth and recruitment (addition of individuals to population)  Calculate SY= ◦ (annual growth and recruitment) – (annual death and emigration) ◦ (biomass/energy at time t +1) – (biomass/energy at time t)  The Earth does not have enough resources to support everyone at the rate of consumption enjoyed by the U.S. Europe, and Japan