1. Ch 10, Sec 2: Urbanization

2. Population Growth of Cities Immigration caused cities to grow from 1860- 1900 – New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston 2,500 in 1860 10 million in 1870 30 million in 1900 131 cities grew to 1,700 cities in U.S.

3. What the U.S. Offered Immigrants Possibility of land New jobs Freedom/Safety from war Better standard of living Social mobility Freedom of religion

4. Problems For New Immigrants Lack of money Language barrier Where to live? How to get a job Who to trust How to get the American dream Most don’t know anyone outside of family

5. Americans on the Move Post-Civil War-Americans moved from farms to cities Wanted better jobs Wanted more money Cities offered running water, indoor plumbing, and entertainment options Fight for jobs/housing with immigrants

6. Skyscrapers Lack of land and rising populations made for huge problems for city developers Used steel and plate glass to make skyscrapers for taller buildings Buildings went from 4-5 stories to 10+ Electric elevators used by 1880s in buildings

7. Mass Transit 1850s-1870s: Horse Cars moved most people 1870s-1890s: Cable Cars on tracks ran in big cities 1880s-1890s: Electric trolley cars were created 1890s-1920s: Elevated Trains (Chicago) and Subways (NY/Boston) were built

8. Where to Live? High Society: – Built large mansions/castles in the middle of cities – Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt – Millionaires Middle Class: – Moved away from the center of cities – Took trains/trolleys from the outskirts of town to work – Doctors, lawyers, teachers, social workers, engineers – Earned b/t $1,000-3,000 a year

9. Working Class: Where to Live? Immigrants went to ethnic areas of cities Lack of education/money forced many into tenement houses – Small/large buildings with multi-family apartments Factory workers Made $400-500 a year http://www.tenement.org/Virtual_Tour/index _virtual.html http://www.tenement.org/Virtual_Tour/index _virtual.html

10. Problems With City Life Crime/violence increased – Murder jumped 400% Disease spread fast – Garbage thrown into the streets – Drinking water was not safe – Rats/animals carried disease Fires spread fast Pollution from factories

11. Politics Governments did not really run cities Political machines-groups with common interests ran the cities – Provided jobs, housing, protection in return for votes – Ran by party bosses like NYC William Tweed in Tammany Hall

12. Corrupt Party Bosses Bribed politicians for info Took bribes from businessmen Grafted people-got money through dishonest ways – Bought land where the city wanted to expand and then raised the prices of the land to sell back to the city

13. Exit Pass On your bell ringer sheet for Monday, answer the following question. – Were political bosses harmful or helpful to cities? Why?