2.  Human Resources  Sales and Marketing  Research and Development  Production/Operations  Customer Service  Finance and Accounts  Administration and IT

3.  Recruitment and retention  Job descriptions  Person Specifications  Dismissal  Redundancy  Motivation  Professional development and training  Health and safety and conditions at work  Liaison with trade unions

4. Hierarchical Structure Managing Director Sales Director Marketing Director Finance Director ABCD Market Research Strategy Purchasing Manager Sales Manager Accounts Manager

5. MD Middle Management Workers Pyramidal Structure Senior Management

6. MD FinanceProductionSalesMarketingR&D Centralised/Entrepreneurial

7. Sales Marketing Production Accounts Collaborative

8. Marketing Sales Production Finance R&D Circular/Flat

9. Project Marketing R&D Sales Finance HR Production Matrix Structure

10.  Changes to business structures  Linked to new thinking on leadership and management  Less hierarchical  Emphasis on communication and collaboration between sections  Global businesses – more complex structures