1. Final week of renal!

4. Severe hydronephrosis secondary to congenital obstruction (arrow) to the pelvi ureteric junction in a female aged 2 years:

5. Cystic dysplasia of kidneys and atresia of ureters in a female who died 11/2 hours after birth. (Dysplasia here means abnormality of tissue differentiation or maldevelopment, not a precancerous condition.)

6. Bilateral hydroureter (megaloureter) and renal dysplasia in a male aged 10 months with stenosis of the lower ends of both ureters.

7. Polycystic disease

8. Early adult type polycystic disease of the kidneys in a woman aged 33 who died of a ruptured berry aneurysm of the right middle cerebral artery.

9. Acquired polycystic disease

11. Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate,

12. Involvement of ureter by metastatic carcinoma in iliac lymph nodes
Involvement of ureter by metastatic carcinoma in iliac lymph nodes. Early hydronephrosis.

13. Gross hydronephrosis with very advanced atrophy of the renal parenchyma

14. Poorly differentiated carcinoma (arrows) of the urinary bladder with extensive infiltration of all layers of the bladder wall

15. Acute suppurative pyelonephritis and thrombophlebitis in a woman aged 67 who died of staphylococcal septicaemia. Multiple lung abscesses were also present.

16. Acute pyelonephritis with exudate
in tubules and interstitium

17. Severe acute pyelonephritis and gross necrotising papillitis

18. Necrotizing papillitis complicating acute pyelonephritis

19. Chronic pyelonephritisprobably associated with vesico-ureteral reflux Clubbing of the calyces (arrows) is well shown.

20. Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis. Note large calyx (blue arrow) and cortical atrophy (red arrow).

21. Cortical atrophy with interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate and ‘thyroidisation’ of tubules.

22. Acute necrotising cystitis in a female diabetic with an indwelling catheter.

23. Severe chronic pyelonephritis with asymmetrical renal contraction in a hypertensive uraemic woman aged 34. Note again the clubbing of the minor calyces (arrows).

24. Tuberculous pyelonephritis and ureteritis
Tuberculous pyelonephritis and ureteritis. Note the characteristic thickening of the wall of the ureter (arrows). Patients with isolated TB of the kidney present with painless haematuria.

25. Chronic pyonephrosis

26. Analgesic nephropathy

27. Analgesic nephropathy showing cortical atrophy overlying necrotic papilla (blue arrow) and medulla (red arrow).

28. Acute tubular necrosis in a patient with crush injury
Acute tubular necrosis in a patient with crush injury. The swelling of the cortex is due to dilatation of the proximal tubules.

29. Interstitial nephritis. Allergic reaction to oral anticoagulant
Interstitial nephritis. Allergic reaction to oral anticoagulant. Note architectural integrity but separation of elements by an inflammatory cell infiltrate.

31. Acute renal allograft rejection
Acute renal allograft rejection. The renal tubules are separated by interstitial oedema and inflammatory cells.

32. Chronic rejection

33. Myeloma kidney